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ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS
IN THE BACKYARDS OF
PARK BUILDINGS 32 TO 36
HARPERS FERRY NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK:
THE PACKAGE 116 PREHISTORIC OCCUPATIONS
JUN 3 1994
CLEMSON
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Level P3
Cari C. YoungRavenhorst, Editor
Paul A. Shackel, Principal Investigator
U.S. Department of the Interior
National Park Service
Harpers Ferry National Historical Park
1994
>t*EN1T
Occasional Report Series
of the
Regional Archeology Program
National Capital Region
National Park Service
Occasional Report #1, The Hinterland: An Overview of the Prehistory and History of Prince
William Forest Park, Virginia, by Patricia L. Parker, 1985. Out of Print.
Occasional Report #2, Maryland Heights: Archeological and Historical Resources Study, by
Susan W. Frye and Dennis E. Frye, 1989. Out of print.
Occasional Report #3, Portici: Portrait of a Middling Plantation in Piedmont Virginia, by
Kathleen A. Parker and Jacqueline L. Hernigle, 1990. Out of print.
Occasional Report #4, Historical and Archeological Study of the George Washington Memorial
Parkway, Arlington County, Virginia, by Paul B. Cissna, 1990. Limited quantity available.
Occasional Report #5, Archeology at the Petersen House: Unearthing an Alternate History, by
Matthew R. Virta, 1991. Limited quantity available.
Occasional Report #6, Interdisciplinary Investigations of Domestic Life in Government Block B:
Perspectives on Harpers Ferry;s Armory and Commercial District, edited by Paul A. Shackel,
1993. Available.
Occasional Report #7, Cultural Resource Survey and Inventory of a War-Tom Landscape: The
Stuart's Hill Tract, Manassas National Battlefield Park, Virginia, edited by Laura J. Galke, 1992.
Limited quantity available.
Occasional Report #8, Loudoun Heights: Archeological and Historical resources Study, by Susan
E. Winter and Dennis E. Frye, 1992. Out of print.
Occasional Report #9, Archeology at Harmony Hall: Exploring the Late Seventeenth-Century
Frontier of Maryland, by Robert Sonderman, Matthew Virta, Marilyn Nickels, and Stephen
Potter, 1993. Available.
For free copies of available reports write to:
Regional Archeologist
National Capital Region, NPS
1100 Ohio Drive, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20242
ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS
IN THE BACKYARDS OF
PARK BUILDINGS 32 TO 36
HARPERS FERRY NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK:
THE PACKAGE 116 PREHISTORIC OCCUPATIONS
Can C. YoungRavenhorst, editor
With Contributions by:
Jill K. Harris
Cari C. YoungRavenhorst
Graphics by:
John W. Ravenhorst
Cari C. YoungRavenhorst
Paul A. Shackel, Principal Investigator
Occasional Report No. 10
Regional Archeology Program
National Capital Region
National Park Service
U.S. Department of the Interior
Washington, D.C.
1994
Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2012 with funding from
LYRASIS Members and Sloan Foundation
http://archive.org/details/archeologicalinvOOshac
TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Figures iv
List of Tables vi
Acknowledgements vii
Management Summary ix
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 1.1
CHAPTER 2 ARCHEOLOGY 2.1
CHAPTER 3 ANALYSIS 3.1
CHAPTER 4 INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS 4.1
Bibliography 5.1
Appendix I Point Plotted Artifacts: Ware Type and Elevation 6. 1
Appendix II Excavation Unit Summaries for Package 116 7.1
Appendix III Artifact List 8.1
in
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1. Regional location of Harpers Ferry 1.2
Figure 1.2. Harpers Ferry and environs 1.2
Figure 1.3. Package 116 project area 1.2
Figure 1.4. General area of Project 116 backyards 1.3
Figure 1.5. Localities close to Harpers Ferry 1.5
Figure 1.6. Previous archeological investigations 1.7
Figure 2. 1. Basemap of project area showing location of
buildings, excavation units, and grid
coordinate system 2.2
Figure 2.2. Basemap of project area showing excavation
units where prehistoric levels were
excavated 2.3
Figure 2.3. Plan view of Excavation Unit 3 2.5
Figure 2.4. Feature 37, Excavation Unit 3, trowel points to north 2.6
Figure 2.5. Features 31 and 33, Excavation Unit 4, trowel points to north. . 2.6
Figure 2.6. Plan view and section of Features 30
and 31 in Excavation Unit 4 2.7
Figure 2.7. Plan view of Features 31 and 33 in
Excavation Unit 4 2.8
Figure 2.8. West wall profile of Excavation Unit 8 2.8
Figure 2.9. Plan view of Features 41 and 43 in
Excavation Unit 8 2.9
Figure 2.10. Plan view of Feature 52 in Excavation
Unit 14 2.9
IV
Figure 2.11. Plan view of Features 84 and 90 in
Excavation Unit 18 2.10
Figure 2.12. Plan view of Feature 108 in Excavation
Unit 36 2.11
Figure 2.13. Plan view of Feature 45 in Excavation
Units 1, 9, 37 and 40 2.12
Figure 3.1. Cordage twist 3.12
Figure 3.2. Representative rim sherd profiles for
Marcey Creek Ware vessels 3.13
Figure 3.3. Representative basal sherd profiles of
Marcey Creek Ware vessels 3.13
Figure 3.4. Sherds showing definable 'S' or 'Z' twist 3.14
Figure 3.5. Representative Accokeek Ware sherds 3.16
Figure 3.6. Representative rim sherds 3.17
Figure 3.7. Rim sherd profiles 3.18
Figure 3.8. Sherds of Vessel #54, Qualla Ware 3.19
Figure 3.9. Possible utilized flakes 3.40
Figure 3.10. Possible utilized flakes 3.41
Figure 3.11. Points, tips/tools 3.43
Figure 3.12. Points, tips/tools 3.44
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1. Prehistoric Chronology 1.4
Table 2.1. Chronology Associated With Megastrata 2.4
Table 3.1. Temper Type And Number Of Sherds Not Used
In Minimum Vessel Analysis 3.2
Table 3.2. Type And Number/Percentage Of Sherds Per
Unit Recovered During Excavations 3.3
Table 3.3. Number Of Sherds And Vessels For Each Ware
Identified During Minimum Vessel Analysis 3.5
Table 3.4. Breakdown Of Minimum Vessel Number By Ware
Type 3.6
Table 3.5. Type And Number/Percentage Of Sherds Per
Unit Used In Minimum Vessel Analysis 3.7
Table 3.6. Characteristics Of Each Minimum Vessel 3.8
Table 3.7. Mohs Hardness Scale 3.5
Table 3.8. Number And Type of Sherds Per Unit Used in
Minimum Vessel Analysis 3.21
Table 3.9. Number of Sherds Per Minimum Vessel Number by
Unit and Level 3.23
Table 3.10. Lithic Artifacts By Category And Material
Type 3.37
Table 3.11. Lithic Flaking Debris By Material Type
And Weight 3.38
Table 3.12. Flakes, Tools/Points By Material 3.39
Table 3.13. Flakes By Graded Size And Material 3.46
VI
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
No archeological report is simply the product of the authors, and acknowledging
everyone who had a hand in the excavation, research, analysis and production of the report is
a herculean task. A multitude of people assisted in all stages of Package 116 - from the initial
mapping by John Ravenhorst and the geophysical survey by Bruce Bevin, through to all who
gave us their time, information and support while we worked to produce this report.
Susan E. Winter, the principle investigator, Paul A. Shackel, research archeologist, and
Ellen Armbruster, assistant research archeologist, provided expert direction, encouragement and
support. Paul deserves special thanks for his continued efforts to get this report out of the
talking-about-doing-it stage and into actual production. Laboratory director Deborah Hull-
Walski and assistant laboratory director Jeanne Harris, designed and set high standards for the
treatment and processing of artifacts in the laboratory. We would especially like to thank all of
the technicians who worked with us during the Package 1 16 project: Janet Blutstein, Brett Burk,
Diane Fenicle, Benjamin Ford, Kenneth Kulp, Eric Larsen, Michael Lucas, Devon Pyle,
Andrew Schenker, Dennis Scott, Priscilla Smith, Kimberly Sprow, Frank Walski and Dave
Warren-Taylor. We were also assisted by several Youth Conservation Corps enrollees: Kevin
Hawk, Christopher Jackson, Tammy Leopold, Kirk McBride, Shawn McCoy, Jennifer Meyers,
John Morris, Joshua Riley, Trevor Rollinson, Tina Sorenson, Joseph Tomlin. Volunteers from
the public and the park staff who assisted us included: Hilary Chapman, David Larsen, Jane
Rago, Marcia Robinson, and Terrie Wise.
Priscilla Smith deserves special acknowledgement for her work with the minimum vessel
analysis. Although she was not able to complete the minimum vessel analysis, her contribution
was invaluable.
Package 1 16 would never have been a success but for the support and encouragement of
Park Superintendent Donald Campbell. The rest of the Park administrative staff was always
helpful in matters of personnel, budgeting, and purchasing, especially Peggy Small wood,
Gayleen Boyd, Rita Mihalik, Ann Shuey, Judy Coleman, Joyce Howe and Julie Johnston.
The Park maintenance staff were our constant cheerleaders and avenues of first and last
resort. From Park Facility Manager, Richard Fox, through the various foremen and crews, they
provided us with support, equipment, time, advice and practical help.
Nancy Potts was a great at getting books and articles to further our research. Amy
Peters entered the catalog data for the artifacts into an ANCS database file, a tedious task which
she managed with grace and humor. Mark Raidt from Raup Photographic Studios assisted in
the production of the photographs for the report.
Thanks are also due to Linda Cummings for patiently recalling and illuminating our
questions about the pollen record from Package 116. Douglas McLearen, Maureen Kavanagh,
and Paul Inashima all took time to read drafts of this report, make suggestions and offer further
information about how Harpers Ferry's prehistoric occupations fit into a larger regional picture.
John Ravenhorst' s contribution to this report cannot be overstated. He not only set up
the field grid, produced the site map and consulted in all manner of field operations, he also
produced many of the tables and graphics in this report in AutoCAD (even when we thought it
Vll
was impossible), designed and assisted in the assembly of the photo graphics, and formatted the
final product. We owe him our sanity.
Dr. Stephen Potter, the Regional Archeologist, is another person whose contribution to
this report can not be overstated. He was instrumental in the analysis of both the ceramic and
lithic artifacts. He generously allowed us to draw on his extensive knowledge, library resources,
and time. If not for Stephen, Paul, and John there would be no report on the prehistoric
materials recovered during the Package 116 excavations.
To all of these people, and undoubtedly many others, we own thanks and appreciation
for their efforts and time. As always, any errors or inaccuracies are the responsibility of the
authors.
Cari C. YoungRavenhorst
Archeological Laboratory Supervisor
Jill K. Harris
Conservation Technician
vin
MANAGEMENT SUMMARY
This report documents the prehistoric materials recovered during the investigation of the
Package 116 area (46JF84) of Lower Town Harpers Ferry National Historical Park, West
Virginia. Excavations started in May 1989 and continued through to May of 1990.
Although the specific prehistoric to proto-historic development of the Harpers Ferry area
is not clear, there is strong evidence that different cultural groups moved in and out of the area.
Previous archeological investigations in Harpers Ferry had found lithic scatters on some of the
surrounding highland areas. Only two prehistoric artifacts had been recovered from the Lower
Town area prior to the Package 116 excavations. Both were found in historically disturbed
contexts.
Although the main purpose of the archeological investigations in the Package 116 area
was to support the historic restoration of the buildings and excavations units were chosen by the
research design, prehistoric materials were also recovered and excavation of eleven units was
continued to specifically recover prehistoric materials. There were nine features of prehistoric
origin found within these eleven excavation units.
The total of 1585 prehistoric artifacts recovered during the Package 116 excavations were
1.14% of the total artifacts recovered. Less than half of the prehistoric artifacts were recovered
from levels that did not contain historic artifacts. Analysis of the lithic and ceramic artifacts was
conducted after cataloging was completed. Minimum vessel analysis was preformed on the
ceramic sherds and at least 55 vessels were identified. Pollen and phytolith samples from some
of the prehistoric levels were also collected and analyzed.
Inferences drawn from the pollen and phytolith analysis concerning the prehistoric
environment suggest that the project area was generally covered by a hardwood forest. There
is also evidence of moist, grassy clearings, possibly reflecting breaks in the forest growth
indicating areas were cleared to provide space for habitation sites, and these areas were then
subsequently allowed to regrow.
Correlation of the features and the artifacts indicate that there were at least two phases
of occupation in and around the project area. One phase is a Terminal Archaic/Early Woodland
phase occupation characterized by steatite-tempered Marcey Creek or Selden Island ceramics.
This phase of occupation is probably related to the three fire-cracked rock clusters discovered
during excavations. An Early Woodland phase occupation is characterized by Accokeek Cord
marked ceramics with tempers of quartz, shale, or quartz and sand. There are also indications
of a Late Woodland occupation characterized by one vessel of steatite tempered Qualla Ware and
a small quartz Levanna point.
The investigations of Package 1 16 have added greatly to the information about prehistoric
utilization of Harpers Ferry. Further excavations in the Harpers Ferry area that, if not
specifically targeted to recovery of prehistoric data, allow time and money for such recovery,
would add even more information about prehistoric peoples and environments, both in Harpers
Ferry and in the larger regional context as well.
IX
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
INTRODUCTION
This archeological report documents the prehistoric material recovered during the
Package 116 excavations. These excavations were conducted as part of the restoration program
of Government Block B, Lots 2 and 3, in Lower Town, Harpers Ferry National Historical Park,
West Virginia. Fieldwork was conducted under the direction of Dr. Paul Shackel from May
1989 to December 1989. Processing and cataloging of all archeological materials was done
under the direction of Lab Director Deborah Hull-Walski in the Harpers Ferry archeology lab.
All archeological materials recovered were processed and conserved under guidelines set forth
in National Park Service Cultural Resource Management Guideline 28 and were cataloged in the
Automated National Catalog System (ANCS). All of the archeological materials and data are
now stored at the Museum and Archeological Regional Storage facility (MARS) in Lanham,
Maryland, and are available for further analysis and comparison. The research report detailing
the historical materials, area history, and management recommendations was printed in 1993.
LOCATION AND GEOMORPHOLOGY
Harpers Ferry, the eastern-most point in West Virginia, is located in the tri-state region
of by Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia (Figure 1.1). It is situated in a gap within the Blue
Ridge Mountain chain at the junction of the Potomac and Shenandoah rivers and is in the
western-most part of the Blue Ridge Province. North and west is the Great Limestone Valley
of the Ridge and Valley Province.
The towns of Harpers Ferry and Bolivar include the high ground of Cavalier Heights and
Bolivar Heights in the east- southeast and extend down to the junction of the two rivers. Harpers
Ferry is overshadowed by Maryland Heights to the northeast and Loudoun Heights to the
southeast (Figure 1.2).
The project area (Figures 1.3 and 1.4) is situated in a fairly level backyard between Park
Buildings 32, 33, 33 A, 34, 34 A, 35, and 36 to the north and west, and a railroad embankment
that forms the south boundary, beyond which lies the Shenandoah River. To the east is a further
expanse of yard area. Average ground surface elevation within the project area was 268.5 ft
above mean sea level (amsl).
Bedrock formations upon which the soils of the general area are formed date from the
Precambrian and/or Cambrian eras, 1.42 billion to 6.2 million years ago. The limestones and
sandstones to the west are Cambrian and the metabasalts and granitic gneisses to the east are
Precambrian. The Weverton formation quartzites and sandstones and the Harpers formation
phyllites also date from the Precambrian/Cambrian. (Cloos 1951a:25-41, Cloos 1951c: 128-148.)
1.1
Bedrock in Harpers Ferry is a thickened and deformed formation of quartz-veined
phyllitic shale which meets with granitic gneiss and metabasalts to the north and limestone to
the east. Ridges of the Blue Ridge chain immediately north and east are capped by sandstone,
quartz, and quartzite of the Weverton formation (Cloos 195 la: 39; Cloos 1951c:139, 141).
Outcroppings of rhyolite occur farther north along South Mountain and Catoctin Mountain and
PENNSYLVANIA
Figure 1.1. Location of Harpers Ferry.
MARYLAND HEIGHTS
LOUDOUN HB1CHTS
*ttao
Figure 1.2. Harpers Ferry and environs.
Figure 1.3. Package 116 project area.
are also available throughout southern Pennsylvania (Stewart 1980: 157). Chert, jasper and other
cryptocrystalline materials are present in nodules and beds in several areas of Maryland,
Pennsylvania, and Virginia (United States Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service
[USDA SCS] 1962, 1973; Stewart 1980:144-156).
1.2
Figure 1.4. General area of Project 116 backyards,
right) Park Buildings 34A, 34, 35, and 36.
Buildings in photograph are (from left to
The soils in Harpers Ferry are generally developed of the acid shales, siltstones,
quartzites, and sandstones found throughout the Blue Ridge (USDA SCS 1973:75-76). A soil
series consists of a group of soils developed from the same parent materials that, except for
minor variations, display a similar profile. Soil series are subdivided by surface texture into soil
types, for instance a sandy loam and a silty loam may be separate soil types belonging to the
same soil series. Soil types are further divided into soil phases based on external characteristics
such as slope, degree of erosion, amount/percentage of stone or gravel, etc. (USDA SCS
1962:3-5; 1973:1-2).
Soil phases found in the Lower Town project area include the Landes fine sandy loam,
Weikert shaly silt loam with 25-45% slopes, Berks-Weikert shaly silt loam with 6-12% and 12-
25% slopes and steep rock land (USDA SCS 1973:Map Sheet # 10).
The Landes series of soils consist of deep, well-drained soils on nearly level slopes and
are formed of recent alluvium. These soils are rapidly permeable and have a high fertility and
moisture capacity. Since these soils are often found along river banks, the threat of flooding is
high and unprotected areas are subject to scouring during high water episodes (USDA SCS
1973:26). The project area is situated directly on Landes fine sandy loam.
1.3
The Weikert series of soils consist of shallow, well-drained soils on various slopes. They
are formed of material weathered from acid shale, siltstone and sandstone. Weikert soils are
shaly and generally have low fertility. Their moisture capacity is also low and permeability is
moderately rapid making them subject to droughty conditions. The Weikert soils in the Harpers
Ferry area have lost most of their original surface layer due to erosion and are very shaly
(USDA SCS 1973:29-30).
The Berks series soils consist of moderately deep and well-drained soils formed of
materials weathered from acid shale, siltstone and sandstone. Generally these soils are
moderately fertile with a moderate moisture capacity. Their permeability is rapid and they are
droughty. The Berks- Weikert shaly silt loams found in the Harpers Ferry area are so
intermingled within such a small area that they could not be mapped separately. These soils
consist of approximately 45-50% Berks soils, 40-35% Weikert soils and 10-20% other soils
(USDA SCS 1973:10-11).
Some areas of Harpers Ferry are so steep and stony or have soils which are so deeply
eroded and shallow that they can not be classed within any particular soil series. These areas
are designated by descriptive land type names. Steep rock land consists of areas of very steep
cliffs and ledges (USDA SCS 1973:29) and has little if any soil development. Soil that has
developed is generally shallow with rapid permeability and has low fertility and low moisture
capacity. The steep rock land within Harpers Ferry is the shale bedrock outcroppings and cliffs
which are a prominent feature of the Lower Town area.
AREA PREHISTORY
There is evidence of human occupation of the Middle Atlantic area from at least 10,000
B.C., although the exact prehistoric development and usage of the Harpers Ferry area is not
clear (Table 1.1). Paleo-Indian through Late Woodland period sites are reported in Washington
County, Maryland (Stewart 1980:317-328) and Frederick County, Maryland (Kavanagh 1982:44-
46). There is strong evidence that the Adena and Ohio Hopewellian cultures (ca. 100 BC to 600
AD) extended into Pennsylvania and West Virginia (Waldman 1985: 19; Coe, Snow, and Benson
1986:48-53). At the time of contact with Europeans (ca. 1600 AD), the peoples of the tri-state
region included both Algonquian-speaking and Iroquoian-speaking tribes as defined both by
language families and cultural lifeways. The Powhatan, Susquehannock, Tuscarora, and the
Shawnee, all moved through the area which became Harpers Ferry (Waldman 1985). The
earliest map showing 'Indian Towns' in the area was made in 1721 by Philemon Lloyd. This
map and the attached memoranda were identified and substantiated by Marye in 1935 (Marye
1935:1-11) and shows the "habitation" of an "Indian Trader" in Washington County, Maryland,
and Indian towns both east and west of the area, but nothing is noted in the junction of the
Potomac and Shenandoah rivers, as shown on the map (Lloyd map 1721, shown in Marye 1935).
With the exception of an 'Indian' named "Gutterman Tom" who operated a ferry with Peter
Stephens, there is no mention in the records of Harpers Ferry National Historical Park of
aboriginal occupation of the Lower Town area when Robert Harper arrived in 1747 (Everhart
1952:5).
1.4
Table 1 . 1 Prehistoric Chronology
Period
Time Range
Principal Diagnostic Artifacts
Paleo-Indian
9,500 - 8,000 B.C.
Projectile points: Clovis, Dalton, Hardaway-Dalton,
fluted points.
Early Archaic
8,000 - 6,500 B.C.
Projectile points: Palmer, Palmer-Kirk, Warren, Big
Sandy, Kirk Stemmed.
Middle Archaic
6,500 - 2,500 B.C.
Projectile points: Lecroy, Stanly, Morrow Mountain,
Guilford, Halifax, Brewerton-like side notched.
Late Archaic
2,500- 1,200 B.C.
Projectile points: Savannah River, Holmes,
Susquehanna, Perkiomen, various stemmed and notched
types. Carved soapstone bowls.
Early
Woodland
1,200 -500 B.C.
Projectile points: small notched and stemmed point
varieties, Piscataway, Rossville-like. Ceramics:
Marcey Creek, Selden Island, non-steatite-tempered
pottery that resembles Marcey Creek or Selden Island
(Vinette), Accokeek.
Middle
Woodland
500 B.C. - A.D. 900
Projectile points: Rossville, Selby Bay, Jacks Reef,
various stemmed and notched point types, large
triangular points. Ceramics: Popes Creek, Mockley,
various cord-marked or net-impressed, crushed rock
wares.
Late Woodland
A.D. 900 - mid 1600's
Projectile points: Levanna, Madison, and other
triangular points. Ceramics: Albemarle, Page/Radford,
Keyser, Potomac Creek, Qualla, Townsend.
PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS IN THE REGION
In 1963, Edward Larrabee of the National Park Service conducted an archeological
survey of Chesapeake & Ohio Canal National Historical Park. This survey consisted of a simple
listing of historic and prehistoric sites along the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal. Most of these sites
were already known to local collectors, archeological professionals and organizations, and
National Park Service personnel. Larrabee' s survey indicated that prehistoric sites could be
expected to occur on either side of the Potomac River where tributaries intersect it. The survey
results suggest that Archaic sites are usually found on bluffs overlooking the Potomac River and
that Woodland sites are generally found on the bottomland, in the floodplain of the river
(Larrabee 1963: 14). Larrabee' s record of sites does not list any site in Harpers Ferry or directly
across the Potomac River on Chesapeake & Ohio Canal National Historical Park land, but it
does list several prehistoric sites (Figure 1.5) just downstream in the Point of Rocks, Brunswick,
1.5
Figure 1.6. Previous archeological investigations.
conducted in Lower Town by the Denver Service Center (DSC) from 1976-1981 produced only
two items of prehistoric origin — a 'chert percussion flake' and a utilized jasper flake in the
Package 110 backyards (Pousson 1986:201). One of these items was found in a stratum which
was considered the surface of the area prior to historic development and the other was
discovered in a matrix of obvious historic disturbance.
During excavations from 1991 to the present, at other sites in Lower Town Harpers
Ferry, prehistoric materials have been recovered from historic contexts (Figure 1.6). A Palmer-
Kirk type rhyolite projectile point was recovered from excavations alongside Park Building 37
(46JF201) and both lithic and ceramic artifacts were found during excavations of another
backyard area in Lower Town (46JF200, Figure 1.6).
1.8
CHAPTER 2
ARCHEOLOGY
FIELD METHODOLOGY
The main purpose of the archeological investigations in the backyard areas of Package
116 was to support historic restoration of the buildings, and the choice of excavation units was
dictated by the historic research design. Excavation units were placed to provide information
about outbuildings, additions, porches, fencelines, and doorways based on information provided
by historic maps, research by the architectural historians, ghosted outlines still visible on the
buildings, and underground anomalies located during a geophysical survey. Some excavation
units were randomly placed to retrieve a representative sample of the historic material culture
available in the backyard areas.
Prior to the start of excavation, a five- foot square grid was established over the project
area. Excavation units were identified by the northeast corner coordinate but were numbered
consecutively as they were dug (Figure 2.1). Soil was removed with hand tools and was dry
screened through one-quarter-inch mesh hardware cloth. Excavation usually ceased when a 1.0
foot level was removed and no historic materials were found. However, if any prehistoric
material was recovered from this level, excavation was continued to recover these materials.
Excavation of the prehistoric materials was consistent with the methods used to recover
and record the historic materials. Natural stratigraphic layers were designated by upper case
letters (e.g. A, B, C) and levels within the natural stratigraphy were indicated by consecutive
numbers (e.g. Al, A2, A3). Either the whole unit, or a portion thereof, was excavated with
hand tools and all soil was passed through one-quarter-inch mesh hardware cloth. At only one
time was this procedure modified. When it was noted that the quadrant of Unit 14 contained
several flakes smaller than one-quarter inch, one level was water- screened through one-eighth-
inch mesh hardware cloth. Levels were determined by either distinct changes in matrix or
content, or were arbitrarily designated in 0.5 ft increments when the soil matrix remained
consistent. All elevations were taken with the transit and stadia rod and correlated with the
known USGS benchmark (275 ft amsl) located on the east side of the new master armorer's
house (Park Building 36).
Point plotting of individual items was the exception rather than the rule in excavation.
Fieldnotes indicate prehistoric artifacts were found either in a mixed historic/prehistoric context
or in homogenous deposits with no stratigraphic differentiation. Only when a substantial number
of prehistoric remains were encountered were items point plotted. Point plotting was done in
order to determine if any stratification of artifacts existed, even when layering of the soil
appeared to be non-existent in the soil profile.
Excavation of suspected prehistoric features followed the same procedure performed on
historic features. Soil was removed with hand tools and dry-screened through one-quarter-inch
mesh hardware cloth. Terminology and mapping techniques were also consistent. Features were
2.1
E840 E850 E860 E870 E880 E890 E900 E910 E920 E930 E940 E950 E960 E970 E980 E990 E1 000 E101 0 E1 020 E1 030 E 1040
N1010
N1000
N990
N980
N970
N960
N950
N940
N930
N920
N910
N900
N890
N880
T
Shenandoah Street
— h —
j. — |. — j. — H
+ — +
N
31
i 1 1-
. te
N870
B & 0 Railroad
Figure 2.1. Base map of project area showing location of buildings , excavation units, and grid
coordinate system.
designated by a consecutive number, and levels within features were designated by lower case
letters (e.g. 33a, 33b).
EXCAVATION UNITS AND FEATURES
All but seven of the excavation units (Excavation Units 2, 7, 21, 32, 38, 43 and 44)
contained prehistoric materials mixed with the historic materials, however, ten units were
excavated specifically to recover prehistoric materials (Figure 2.2). During analysis, 16
megastrata were identified. These megastrata include both historic and prehistoric depositional
sequences (Table 2. 1) and date from modern, 20th century depositions, through the 19th century
to prehistoric occupational levels and sterile subsoils. Information on specific excavation units
or megastrata, and their historic artifact content is more fully detailed in Interdisciplinary
Investigations of Domestic Live in Government Block B: Perspectives on Harpers Ferry's
Armory and Commercial District (Shackel 1993).
2.2
Figure 2.2. Base map of project area showing excavation units that contained prehistoric levels.
Historic deposits in all of the units generally extended for five-and-one-half to six feet
below the present day ground surface. The subsoil is a dark brown to dark yellowish brown
homogenous mix of sandy and/or clayey silt with Munsell identifications varying from very dark
grayish brown (10YR 3/2) to dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4). Nine features believed to be
of prehistoric origin were identified during excavations within the subsoil. There were no
historic artifacts found in association with any of these features or in any of the levels which
contained the features.
General, brief descriptions of the excavation units and the features they contained are
below. Unless otherwise noted, all excavation units measured 5 by 5 ft and were dug in natural
depositional sequence.
2.3
Table 2.1. Chronology Associated With Megastrata.
MEGASTRATA
DATE
I
20th century
IA
ca. 1950s-1960s
IB
ca. 1930s- 1940s
IC
ca. 1900-1920s
II
1891-1900
III
1870s-1890s
IIIA
1891 (redeposited fill)
HIB
1891 (redeposited fill)
IIIC
1882
IV
1877 (flood)
V
1870 (flood)
VI
1850s- 1860s
VII
1852 (flood)
VIII
1840s- 1850s
IX
1836-1 840s
X
1836 (flood)
XI
1832-1836
XII
1832 (flood)
XIII
1820s- 1832
XIV
1820s
XV
transitions: historic-prehistoric
XVI
sterile and prehistoric
Excavation Unit 1 (N940 E920).
Excavation Unit 1 was located approximately 3 ft west of Park Building 35 as part of a
random sample of the project area (Figure 2. 1 and 2.2). Prehistoric artifact density started to
increase at approximately 263 ft amsl although a few historic artifacts continued to be found.
Another 1.54 ft of soil was removed from the north half of the unit in order to continue to
recover the prehistoric remains. Prehistoric materials recovered included Accokeek Cord
Marked ceramic sherds, lithic debitage and flakes of various materials. A rhyolite drill tip and
a Brewerton Side-notched projectile point of chert were among the notable prehistoric items
found in this unit.
2.4
Excavation Unit 3 (N930 E930).
Level P3
Excavation Unit 3 was located a few feet south of the southwest corner, and parallel to
the south wall of Park Building 35 (Figure 2.1 and 2.2), as part of a random sample of the
project area. A bell-shaped brick cistern and its builder's trench consumed the east half of the
unit. There were both ceramic and lithic prehistoric artifacts recovered from historic levels in
this unit. Historic artifacts in the levels to
the west of the cistern and trench ceased at
approximately 262 ft amsl and another 2.68 ft
of soil were excavated in the north-western 3
ft by 2.5 ft of the unit to recover prehistoric
materials. Prehistoric materials from levels
which contained no historic materials included
Marcey Creek Ware, Selden Island Ware and
Accokeek Cord marked sherds, fire-cracked
rock, flakes and lithic debitage of various
materials. Feature 37, a cluster of 14 stones
and one rhyolite flake, was discovered in
Level P3 of Excavation Unit 3 (Figures 2.3
and 2.4). The weight of the 14 stones
mapped within the feature was approximately
986.5 grams. One quartzite projectile point
resembling a Bare Island point was
discovered within the same level. No
charcoal was found within either the feature
or the unit level. The top elevation of this
feature was 262.33 ft amsl.
Feet
Figure 2.3. Plan view of Excavation Unit 3.
Excavation Unit 4 (N930 E900).
Excavation Unit 4 was randomly selected to gather information on general use of the
backyard areas (Figure 2. 1 and 2.2). It was located about 2 ft south of the south wall of Park
Building 34 A. Very few prehistoric artifacts were recovered in levels of historic deposition.
Historic deposits ended at approximately 263 ft amsl and another 2 ft were excavated to recover
prehistoric materials. Prehistoric materials recovered during excavation included fire-cracked
rock, lithic debitage, flakes of various materials and Marcey Creek Ware, Selden Island Ware,
and Accokeek Cord marked sherds.
Three features of suspected prehistoric origin were discovered within the lower stratum
of this unit. Feature 30 was a postmold and Feature 31 was the associated posthole. They were
found within Level P3 of Excavation Unit 4 (Figure 2.5 and 2.6). There was very little soil
found in Feature 31. Within Feature 30, some decayed wood/organic matter was removed.
This organic matter has not been tested at this time for species determination or dating. Both
features had rounded bases. The features were found at 262.83 ft amsl and were 1.25 feet in
2.5
Figure 2.4. Feature 37, Excavation Unit 3, trowel points to the north.
Figure 2.5. Features 30 and 33, Excavation Unit 4, trowel points to the north.
2.6
depth. Feature 31 had a Munsell identification of very dark gray (10YR 3/1) and a clayey
texture. Feature 30 had a Munsell identification of very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) with
inclusions of bits of possibly burned wood. No artifacts were found in close association with
these features.
Feature 33 consisted of a cluster of reddened and fire-cracked stones discovered within
Level P5 of Excavation Unit 4 at an elevation of 261.90 ft amsl (Figure 2.5 and 2.7). Most of
the stones show evidence of color change and/or cracking and disintegration due to heat
exposure. No charcoal or other organic material was found in association with this feature. It
was completely surrounded by the homogenous unstratified silt/sand of the sub-soil. A total of
34 stones (24 quartzite and 10 shale) were collected from this feature with an approximate
weight of 17.5 kilograms. Two flakes were found within the feature, one of quartzite and one
of rhyolite. There were 21 Marcey Creek Ware sherds, 10 Accokeek Cord marked sherds and
9 untyped ceramic sherds found in Level P5, but none were in the feature.
Feature 30-^
rA
Feature 31^V
fc^L*
262.82^
La'
Level P3
N
coll
A'
r 262.82
Feature 30
Southwest quad of Unit 4
Section A— A'
0 Feet 0.5
0 Feet 1
Figure 2.6. Plan view and section of Features 30 and 31 in Excavation Unit 4.
Excavation Unit 8 (N915 E900).
Excavation Unit 8 (Figures 2.1 and 2.2) was located adjacent to the west wall of
Excavation Unit 2 and was excavated to determine the function of Feature 27, a shale
walkway /drain. Only two lithic artifacts were found within levels of historic deposition. The
area of excavation was constricted by Feature 27 on the south and by Feature 1 (a concrete
telephone conduit) on the north. Historic deposits ended at 262.3 ft amsl and excavation
continued for another half foot within an area of approximately 2 ft by 4 ft. Prehistoric
2.7
Level P2
a 263.09
.-Feature
Of i\/~
31
261.76
/a/\. j£- —
^0 a261.59
Feature
33 ^ Level P6
Level
P2
A
263.09
rFe
ature
31
©J
261.
50
a"
a 261
.10
Feature
33
Level
P6
Feet
Figure 2. 7. Plan view of Features 31 and 33 in Excavation Unit 4.
269.4 ft omsl
Excavation Unit 9 (N940 E925).
Excavation Unit 9 was a 5 ft by 2.5 ft unit located
between the west wall of Park Building 35 and the east wall of
Excavation Unit 1 . This unit was excavated to illuminate the
foundation and construction history/technique of Park Building
35 and the relationship of any builder's trench to the general
yard stratigraphy (Figure 2. 1 and 2.2). Only one piece of fire-
^
materials recovered included Marcey Creek Ware sherds, Accokeek Cork marked ceramic
sherds, and flakes of various materials. Feature 42, a dark stain (10YR 3/3) filled with flecks
of organic matter, was identified in the west profile of the unit
near the end of excavation (Figure 2.8). The feature appeared
in the profile at 263.12 ft amsl with a diameter of
approximately 0.9 ft. The feature was still apparent in the
profile at the end of excavation but the diameter had narrowed
to approximately 0.7 ft. Two small stains of slightly darker
soil (10YR 3/3) were identified in the floor of Excavation Unit
8 as it appeared at the termination of excavation. These stains,
Features 41 and 43, were identified in Level 04. Both features
(Figure 1.1) measured approximately 0.2 ft in diameter and
were identified as prehistoric post holes (Figure 2.9).
Feoture 1
02
03
\Featurel
42
04
261.80
ft omsl
2J
0
Feet
*
Figure 2.8. West wall profile of
Excavation Unit 8.
2.8
cracked rock was recovered from this unit.
However, at approximately 263.6 ft amsl
Feature 45 was discovered in the northeast
corner of the unit in Level SI. This feature,
which was thought to be either a prehistoric
feature or a rodent disturbance, was more fully
investigated during excavation of Excavation
Unit 40 (see below).
Excavation Unit 14 (N945 E910).
Excavation Unit 14 was located along
the east wall of Park Building 34A and to the
west of the shale walkway curb (Figures 2.1
and 2.2). Within the levels of historic
deposition Marcey Creek Ware sherds,
Accokeek Cord marked ceramic sherds, and a
quartz flake were found. Historic artifacts
ceased at approximately 263.5 ft amsl and
excavation continued in the southwest 2.5 x 2.5
ft quadrant for another 1.56 ft. Prehistoric
artifacts recovered from this quadrant included
Accokeek Cord marked ceramic sherds, fire-
cracked rocks, flakes and chipping debris of
various materials and a partial, bifacially-edged
flake of a chert/jasper. Feature 52, a cluster of
eight reddened and fire-cracked quartzite stones
in the southwest quadrant of the Excavation
Unit 14, was discovered resting on top of Level
Oil (Figure 2.10). The feature stones were
surrounded by the homogenous silt/sand of the
subsoil (Munsell 10YR 4/3) and were not
removed. The feature extended from the south
wall 0.9 ft north into the unit and appeared 1.5
ft east of the foundation of Park Building 34 A.
The feature was 1.2 ft wide and the top
elevation of this cluster of stones was 262.00 ft
amsl. No artifacts were found in close
association with this feature.
Excavation Unit 18 (N885 E920).
(£) 261.
98
Feature 41
▲
261
.91
®
261.97
Feature 43
Level
04
Feet
Figure 2.9. Plan view of Features 41 and 43
in Excavation Unit 8.
<
-263.31
to
0)
C 1
'5 '
OQ
Level
02
N
i
- 261.97
X
u
Level 01 1
0
a.
Feature 52
^261.99
0 Feet 2
Figure 2.10. Plan
Excavation Unit 14.
view of Feature 52 in
Excavation Unit 18 was placed to examine an anomaly located during the geophysical
survey (Figure 2. 1 and 2.2). Prehistoric artifacts found in levels of historic deposition included
2.9
Level N2
a 262.09
ceramic sherds and flakes of various materials. Historic deposits were found to a depth of
262.78 ft amsl and excavation continued to recover prehistoric material for another 1.46 ft.
Prehistoric artifacts were recovered from levels below historic deposition in Features 84 and 90.
These artifacts included flakes of various materials, and sherds of Marcey Creek Ware and
Accokeek Cord marked pottery tempered with sand and quartz or shale.
Feature 84 was a brown silty clay half circle that extended into the excavation unit from
the center of the south wall and first mapped
at 262.96 ft amsl (Figure 2.11). Historic
artifacts were recovered from the first
arbitrary level of the feature and prehistoric
ceramic sherds were recovered from the
second arbitrary level.
Feature 90 was an hour-glass shaped
soil stain appearing from east to west in the
floor of Excavation Unit 18 sandwiched
between the soils of Feature 84 and Level N
(Figure 2.11). First mapped at 262 ft amsl,
this feature is considered a possible
continuation of Level M2. Consisting of a
silty clay with a Munsell of dark grayish
brown (2.5Y 4/2), the feature contained
several ceramic sherds. The feature soil also
held several lithic artifacts including one
quartz uniface and one quartz scraper.
Feature 90 was approximately two feet in
depth.
Feet
Figure 2.11. Plan view of Features 84 and 90
in Excavation Unit 18.
Excavation Unit 33 (N885 El 035).
Excavation Unit 33 was a randomly placed unit which, it was hoped, would reveal
evidence of the shanty restaurants which stood in the 1860s (Figures 2. 1 and 2.2). Most of the
prehistoric artifacts found in this excavation unit were recovered from levels of historic
deposition. They included flakes and chipping debris of various materials, a small quartz
Levanna projectile point, fire-cracked rock and Accokeek Cord marked sherds. Historic deposits
ended at approximately 263.5 ft amsl and another foot of soil was excavated in the northeast
quadrant of the unit to recover prehistoric materials. Prehistoric materials recovered from
levels with no historic artifacts consisted of rhyolite and quartz flakes, Selden Island Ware and
Accokeek Cord marked sherds.
Excavation Unit 36 (N895 E895).
Excavation Unit 36 was excavated to further explore the east side of a historic privy and
to find the northern extant of coal sheds which appear on some of the historic maps and photos
2.10
(Figures 2.1 and 2.2). Historic artifacts ceased to be found at approximately 262.33 ft amsl.
Excavation continued for another 1.7 ft. Prehistoric materials included fire-cracked rock, flakes
of various materials, sherds of Marcey Creek Ware and Accokeek Cord marked pottery
tempered with sand and quartz or shale.
Feature 108 was a dark stain, running from north to south in the floor of Excavation Unit
36 and extending east into the wall (Figure 2.12a). First defined at approximately 261.88 ft
amsl, Feature 108 lay within Level 04 of Excavation Unit 36. The feature soil appeared to be
the same homogenous unstratified silt/ sand of the subsoil (Munsell 10YR 4/4) that was exposed
in Level 04 but was slightly darker in color with a Munsell of brown/dark brown (10YR 4/3).
Feature 108 was bisected along the east- west line and the south half was excavated.
Within Feature 108c, along the south wall, a small cluster of reddened and fire-cracked rock was
found. Consisting of one piece of quartz and some shale and quartzite stones that ranged in size
from 0.5 to 0.1 ft, this rock cluster was not given a feature number although it was mapped
(Figure 2.12b). Feature 108b and 108c contained Accokeek Cord marked sherds tempered with
Feature 108
a262.15
Feature 108
a262.15
a261.05
<iP
^P^261-36
Feet
Figure 2.12. Plan view of Feature 108 in Excavation Unit 36.
sand and quartz or shale. Quartz, quartzite, and rhyolite lithics were found through levels 108a
to 108e. The last excavated level of the feature, 108f, contained no artifacts, although the soil
continued to be very dark (Munsell 10YR 4/3). The soil of Levels 04 to 09, lying to the west
of the feature, were then excavated and fire-cracked rock, flakes of quartzite, rhyolite and chert,
sherds of Marcey Creek Ware and Accokeek Cord marked pottery were recovered.
2.11
The north halves of Level O and Feature 108 were not excavated. Because of the
similarity of soils and artifact content between Level 04-09 and Feature 108a- 108f, it is
suspected that the difference in color between the two may be related to natural processes
(possibly a water line) and not indicative of prehistoric activities.
Excavation Unit 37 ( N945 E925).
Excavation Unit 37 was a 5 ft by 7 ft unit located immediately north of Excavation Units
1 and 9 and along the west wall of Park Building 35 (Figures 2.1 and 2.2). It was excavated
in order to expose Feature 45, first discovered in Excavation Unit 9, and was excavated in
megastrata through the historic deposits. Historic artifacts were found throughout all the strata
of Unit 37, although prehistoric artifact density increased in Level J.
Excavation Unit 40.
Excavation Unit 40 was a 2.5 ft by 2.5 ft
unit placed to overlap the congruent corners of
Excavation Units 9 and 37 (Figure 2.2). It was
excavated in order to examine Feature 45 (Figure
2.13). The feature was defined as a rough donut-
shape, approximately five feet in diameter, with
a Munsell of dark brown/dark yellowish brown
(10YR 3/3 to 10YR 3/4). This feature shape is
customarily associated with either storage pits,
burials, or rodent runs. Following consultations
with the Regional Archeologist, Dr. Stephen
Potter, it was decided to excavate one quadrant
of Feature 45 to determine its possible function.
Excavation Unit 40 comprised the 2.5 ft by 2.5
ft southeast quadrant of Feature 45, and extended
into Excavation Units 9 and 37. Before
excavation had progressed very far however, it
became apparent that Feature 45 was merely an
extensive rodent run. Excavations were
terminated after the removal of one 2.5 inch
level. One rhyolite flake and one Accokeek Cord
marked sherd were recovered from this level.
Unit 37
Level
Feature
Unit 9
Level S1
Feet
"0
Q
K
CD
C
3
m
Figure 2. 13. Plan view of Feature 45 in
Excavation Units 1, 9, 37 and 40.
2.12
CHAPTER 3
ANALYSIS
LABORATORY METHODOLOGY
A total of 1,585 identified prehistoric artifacts were recovered during the Package 116
excavations. Prehistoric artifacts accounted for 1.14% of the total artifacts found during
excavations. Of the 1,585 artifacts cataloged as prehistoric, 722 were recovered from strata
mixed with historic materials and 863 were from below levels containing historic components.
Of the total number of prehistoric artifacts, 859 were lithic artifacts, 400 of which were found
below levels of historic deposition. A total of 726 prehistoric ceramics were recovered from 28
units in the two lots, with 263 sherds from levels below historic occupations.
All of the artifacts recovered during excavation were cleaned, cataloged and analyzed at
the archeology lab at Harpers Ferry National Historical Park. Cataloging was accomplished
using the Automated National Catalog System (ANCS). As a result, some of the terminology
used to describe artifacts is dictated by that system.
When cataloging using ANCS, artifacts within a provenience are first separated into
broad categories of material type (e.g., stone, ceramic, shell, etc.) and are then identified and
individually or lot cataloged within their material type. Artifacts were weighed when cataloged
using an electronic balance accurate to the nearest 0. 1 gram and were placed within archivally
approved zip-locked plastic bags marked with the provenience information. After cataloging was
completed, individual or lot cataloged artifacts were assigned a unique number and either both
the plastic bag and the artifact were directly labeled with this number or the number was written
on the bag and on a mylar tag placed within the bag with the artifact. Only after all artifacts
were cataloged and labeled with their unique number was further analysis conducted.
Samples for analysis of pollen and phytolith were collected in the field and specialists
were contracted to perform the analysis. All artifacts, samples, lab and field data from the
investigations of Package 116 are stored in acid free containers at the National Park Service's
Museum and Archeological Storage facility (MARS) in Lanham, Maryland. The collection is
available there for further analysis and comparison.
CERAMICS
Prehistoric vessel forms in the Middle Atlantic area generally progressed from carved,
oblong, flat-bottomed steatite bowls, to flat-bottomed ceramic bowls tempered with crushed
steatite, to conoidal ceramic bowls tempered with crushed steatite, to conoidal or globular
ceramic bowls tempered with various stone and/or organic materials (e.g., limestone, shell, grass
fibers, etc.). Variations in style and materials were influenced by available raw materials as
well as cultural affinities.
3.1
Archeologists point plotted 1 13 (15.56%) of the 726 prehistoric sherds recovered during
excavations. Sherds were point plotted when a level had a significant amount of prehistoric
artifacts, and time and space allowed. When not point plotted, all sherds were excavated and
recorded according to stratigraphic layers. The following units contained point plotted sherds:
3, 4, 14, 18, 19, 25, 36, and 37. Of the 407 sherds used in the minimum vessel analysis, only
57 (14.00%) were point plotted. Due to this small percentage, it is difficult to obtain any
significant information about the site using point plotted sherds. Most sherds found were in
good condition, and with the exception of some sherds that were too small, most were readily
identifiable. Most sherds were between 10 to 50 mm in size and were identifiable at least by
temper and/or surface treatment, if not by ware type.
Laboratory staff analyzed the 726 ceramic sherds to determine the types of temper and
other attributes which would allow determination of a specific ware type. Some of the other
attributes examined during analysis include: paste, texture, color, density, and surface
treatment, if any was discernable. The 319 sherds not used in the minimum vessel analysis were
of undetermined ware and were divided into groups by the type of temper they exhibited (Table
3.1).
Table 3.1, Temper Type And Number Of Sherds Not Used In Minimum Vessel.
WARE TYPE/TEMPER TYPE
NUMBER OF SHERDS
Unidentified, steatite
48
Unidentified, micaceous shale
5
Unidentified, quartz
35
Unidentified, quartz/ sand
203
Unidentified, shale
3
Unidentified, unknown
2
Unidentified, unknown temper, unknown
ceramic, unknown origin
23
TOTAL
319
Table 3.2 shows the type and number of sherds found in each unit for all sherds recovered
during excavations. The ware types found in Package 116 and the criteria used for their
classification are listed below:
Marcey Creek Ware
First defined by Manson (1948:225) based on samples recovered from the type site of
Marcey Creek, Arlington County, Virginia, this is thought to be the earliest ware in the area and
is dated to circa 1200-900 B.C. This ceramic type is tempered with crushed steatite whose
3.2
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3.3
interior and exterior surfaces are smoothed, but usually uneven due to the steatite. Vessel walls
are either coil-constructed or hand-modeled on a flat base. The slab, hand-formed base of these
vessels occasionally show the impression of the open weave matting on which the vessel was
resting during construction. The vessels, ceramic versions of the forms of earlier, carved
steatite bowls, have shallow bowls and are oval or rectangular in shape. They have curved to
straight sides, flat bases, and protruding basal heels. Lug handles are sometimes present at the
ends of the vessel (Egloff and Potter 1982).
Selden Island Ware
This ware is similar to Marcey Creek Ware in that it is coil-constructed and tempered
with fine to large particles of steatite. However, the interior surface is smoothed and the
exterior surface is haphazardly cord-marked. The vessel shape is conical. This ware is thought
to be slightly later than Marcey Creek Ware, dating to circa 1000-700 B.C. (Egloff and Potter
1982).
Accokeek Ware.
Dating to circa 900-500 B.C. (McLearen 1991: 122-123), this ware is defined on the basis
of distinctive ceramics discovered at the Accokeek Creek site complex in Prince Georges
County, Maryland (Stephenson et al. 1963:96-100). This ware is tempered with fine to medium
grained sand, and occasionally contains a lesser amount of crushed quartz. The vessel's interior
surfaces are smoothed and exterior surfaces are cord-marked or net-impressed. Vessels have
straight, slightly inverted or everted rims, and have conical or semiconical bases (Egloff and
Potter 1982).
Qualla Ware.
The paste of this ware is compact and tempered with crushed quartz. Exterior surfaces
may be plain or exhibit a curvilinear complicated stamped design. This ware is associated with
Cherokee sites in western North Carolina dating to late prehistoric to protohistoric times (Egloff
1987).
MINIMUM VESSEL ANALYSIS
Due to the small number of sherds it was not too labor intensive to conduct a minimum
vessel analysis. However, of the 726 sherds found, 319 were not identifiable to a specific ware
or vessel. These sherds were divided by tempering agent and, as stated previously, were not
included in minimum vessel study (Table 3.1).
The 407 sherds used in the minimum vessel analysis resulted in the identification of at
least 55 vessels belonging to the following ware groups: 1) Marcey Creek Ware— 73 sherds, 8
vessels; 2) Selden Island Ware~9 sherds, 7 vessels; 3) Accokeek Ware-271 sherds, 32 vessels;
3.4
4) Qualla Ware— 6 sherds, 1 vessel; and 5) Miscellaneous prehistoric ceramics~48 sherds, 7
vessels. The minimum vessel ware types, as stated above, appear in various forms in Tables
3.3 and 3.4. Table 3.5 shows the type and number of sherds per unit for all sherds used in
minimum vessel analysis.
Table 3.3. No. Of Sherds And Vessels For Each Ware In Minimum Vessel
WARE
NUMBER OF SHERDS
NUMBER OF VESSELS
Marcey Creek
73
8
Selden Island
9
7
Accokeek
271
32
Qualla
6
1
Undetermined
48
7
TOTAL
407
55
Mohs hardness tests were performed on at least 50% of the vessels within each ware
grouping. Table 3.6 shows the Mohs value for the vessels tested along with other characteristics
of each identified vessel. The Mohs hardness test is set on a scale of 1 to 10 (Table 3.7) and
tests the hardness of an object (usually rocks or minerals) by comparing the 'scratchability' of
one object with others of known hardness (Hurlbut 1971:128-130). The higher a firing
temperature a ceramic is subjected to during manufacture, the harder and the more durable it
is likely to be (Rye 1981:25, 121). This test was applied in order to determine if any difference
in hardness could be discerned between the differing types of wares.
Table
3.7. Mohs Hardness Scale
Mohs Hardness Scale
1
Talc (softest)
<6
Glass
2
Gypsum
6
Orthoclase
2.5
Fingernail
7
Quartz
3
Calcite
8
Topaz
4
Fluorite
9
Corundum
5
Apatite
10
Diamond (hardest)
5.5
Steel knife blade
3.5
Table 3.4. Breakdown of Minimum Vessel By Ware Type.
[vessel number
NARCEY CREEK JSELDEN ISLAND
ACCOKEEK
CORD NARKED
PLAIN
BRUSHED
QUALLA
1
X
2
X
3
X
4
X
5
X
6
X
7
X
8
X
9
X
10
X
11
X
12
X
13
X
14
X
15
X
16
X
17
X
18
X
19
X
20
X
21
X
22
X
23
X
24
X
25
X
26
X
27
X
28
X
29
X
30
X
31
X
32
X
33
X
34
X
35
X
36
X
37
X
38
X
39
X
40
X
41
X
42
X
43
X
44
X
45
X
46
X
47
X
48
X
49
X
50
X
51
X
52
X
53
X
54
X
55
X
3.6
Table 3.5.
Analysis.
Type And Number/Percentage of Sherds Per Unit Used In Minimum Vessel
UNIT #
NARCEY
CREEK
# / X
SELDEN
ISLAND
# / X
ACCOKEEK
# / X
CORD
NARKED
# / X
QUALLA
# / X
PLAIN
# / X
BRUSHED
# / X
TOTAL #
SHERDS/
TOTAL X
1
7/ 100.0
7/ 100
2
0/ 0
3
6/ 20.69
3/ 10.34
20/ 68.97
29/ 100
4
38/ 66.67
17/ 29.82
1/ 1.75
1/ 1.75
57/ 100
7
0/ 0
8
1/ 4.34
22/ 95.65
23/ 100
11
3/ 60.00
2/ 40.00
5/ 100
12
2/ 8.33
1/ 4.16
20/ 83.33
1/ 4.16
24/ 100
13
3/ 25.00
6/ 50.00
2/ 16.67
1/ 8.33
12/ 100
14
2/ 16.67
10/ 83.33
12/ 100
15
1/ 100.0
1/ 100
16
3/ 75.00
1/ 25.00
4/ 100
17
24/ 88.89
3/ 11.11
27/ 100
18
13/ 24.53
2/ 3.77
37/ 69.81
1/ 1.89
53/ 100
19
1/ 1.75
35/ 61.40
17/ 29.82
2/ 3.50
2/ 3.50
57/ 100
20
2/ 12.50
1/ 6.25
12/ 75.00
1/ 6.25
16/ 100
22
5/ 100.0
5/ 100
23
1/ 100.0
1/ 100
24
1/ 3.45
20/ 68.97
7/ 24.14
1/ 3.45
29/ 100
25
2/ 66.67
1/ 33.33
3/ 100
26
1/ 100.0
1/ 100
27
2/ 66.67
1/ 33.33
3/ 100
28
3/ 75.00
1/ 25.00
4/ 100
29
1/ 50.00
1/ 50.00
2/ 100
30
1/ 50.00
1/ 50.00
2/ 100
31
4/ 100.0
4/ 100
33
1/ 14.29
5/ 71.43
1/ 14.29
7/ 100
35
9/ 100.0
9/ 100
36
3/ 75.00
1/ 25.00
4/ 100
37
1/ 16.67
4/ 66.67
1/ 16.67
6/ 100
40
0/ 0
42
0/ 0
TOTAL NO.
73
9
271
43
6
4
1
407
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3.11
The direction of twist of the
cordage used in the surface treatment of
the vessels was observed when the cord
marks on surfaces of sherds were clear
enough. Methods of examining and
noting characteristics of cords, and the
terminology used to describe them, is
taken from Prehistoric Cordage (Hurley
1979). Cordage is described and
identified by the direction in which
individual fibers, strands, or segments
that compose the finished cord are
twisted. Cordage whose largest element
slants from upper right to lower left has a
'Z' twist and is made by twisting the
components to the left. Cordage whose
largest element slants from upper left to lower right has an 'S' twist and is made by twisting the
components to the right. Note that twists of 'S' or 'Z' denote the cordage as it would appear
in a positive image or replica of the cord, not as it appears in the negative image on the surface
of the sherd. The smallest visible elements of the cord-marks on the sherds from Package 116
are 'segments' (Figure 3.1).
twist
twist
Figure 3.1. Cordage twist.
Marcey Creek Ware Vessels
The 73 Marcey Creek Ware sherds found represent a minimum of eight vessels (Table
3.6, Vessels #1-8). Each of these vessels are plain on both the exterior and interior surfaces.
Rim sherds belonging to four vessels were found. Three vessels have inverted rims, and one
has an everted rim (Figure 3.2). Basal sherds were recovered for six Marcey Creek Ware
vessels. These 13 basal sherds were all of the basal sherds recovered during excavations (Figure
3.3).
Selden Island Ware Vessels
The nine Selden Island Ware sherds represent a minimum of seven vessels (Table 3.6,
Vessels #9-15). All seven of these vessels have smoothed interior surfaces. The exterior
surfaces for six of the seven vessels are cord-marked. The remaining vessel has a smoothed-
over, cord-marked exterior surface. All representative sherds are body sherds, therefore no
information about the vessels rims was attainable. Vessel #11, however, includes a sherd that
displays an incised line near the rim of the vessel. The cord-marked surface of Vessel #15
shows an 'Z' twist in the visible elements of the cordage (Figure 3.4a).
3.12
Figure 3.2. Representative rim sherd
profiles for Marcey Creek Ware vessels.
Interior of vessels are to the left, a) Vessel
Ml, inverted rim; b) Vessel #6, inverted
rim; c) Vessel #5, inverted rim; d) Vessel
#5, everted rim.
Figure 3.3. Representative basal sherd
profiles of Marcey Creek Ware vessels, a)
Vessel ttl; b) Vessel U; c) Vessel #6.
3.13
^A,
INCH
CM
Figure 3.4. Sherds showing definable 'S' or 'Z' twists, a) Vessel #15 - Selden Island Ware
body sherd with 'Z' twist; b) Vessel #20 -- Accokeek Ware body sherd with 'S' twist; c)
Vessel #28 -- Accokeek Ware rim sherd with 'S' twist; d) Vessel # 39 -- Accokeek Ware body
sherd with 'S' twist.
3.14
Accokeek Ware Vessels
The 271 Accokeek Ware sherds represent a minimum of 32 vessels (Table 3.6, Vessels
#16-47). Of these vessels two have scraped interior surfaces and the remaining thirty exhibit
smoothed interior surfaces. All vessels have cord-marked exterior surfaces (Figures 3.5 and
3.6). Mohs' hardness ratings range from 1.75 to 2.5 + . Eleven of the Accokeek Ware vessels
have various rim types (Figure 3.7 a-k). Vessel #17 has an inverted flat rim. Vessel #18 has
a vertical rim. Vessel #19 has an incised vertical rim. Vessel #27 has an everted flat top rim.
Vessel #28 exhibits an 'S' twist in the visible elements of the cord-marks on the surface and the
cord marks wrap over an everted rim (Figure 3.4c). Vessel #31 has cord marks wrapped over
a vertical rim. Vessel #33 has an everted rim with no other visible distinction. Vessel #35
exhibits an everted rim that has been pinched to a point. Vessel #38 has a vertical rim that has
been cord-marked prior to being flattened. Vessel #41 exhibits a plain everted rim. Vessel #43
has a vertical rim with no visible marks or decoration. Vessels #20 and #39 have an 'S' twist
in the visible elements of the cord-marked surfaces (Figure 3.4b and d).
Qualla Ware Vessels
The 6 Qualla Ware sherds represent a minimum of one vessel (Table 3.6, Vessel #54).
Vessel #54 is tempered with steatite and has a curvilinear complicated stamped exterior surface
and a smoothed interior surface (Figure 3.8). Depending on the sherd that was tested, the
Mohs' hardness ratings for this vessel ranged from 1.75 to 2.75. Sherds comprising this vessel
were recovered from disturbed layers in the following units: 13, 19, 24, 28, and 37. These
layers consisted of mixed context, containing both historic and prehistoric materials. This vessel
was probably transported north by the activities of native peoples during protohistoric times.
Unidentified Pottery Vessels
The remaining 48 sherds represent a minimum of seven vessels that are not identified to
a specific ceramic type (Table 3.6, Vessels #48-53, #55). Mohs' hardness tests were performed
on all unidentified vessels types. As Table 3.6 shows, these vessels have various surface
treatments, tempers and Mohs' ratings. Vessels #48, 49, 50 and 55 have quartz or quartz and
sand tempers and rim sherds are associated with Vessels #50 and 55 (Figures 3.6 and 3.7).
Vessels #51, 52 and 53 have shale tempers and cord-marked exterior surface treatments.
Summary of Minimum Vessel Analysis
A minimum of 55 vessels were identified during analysis. The majority of the vessels
are identified as Accokeek Cord Marked vessels with sand and quartz temper, but over one-
quarter of the vessels are earlier Marcey Creek and Selden Island Ware vessels.
There were also three vessels with shale temper. These vessels had pastes and surface
treatments that resembled the Accokeek Cord Marked vessels. The Mohs' hardness rating for
these shale-tempered vessels varied from 1.5 to 2.75 (Table 3.6). The sand and quartz-tempered
sherds of Accokeek Cord marked vessels recovered during the Package 116 excavations may
3.15
a
INCH
CM
Figure 3.5. Representative Accokeek Ware sherds, a) Vessel #17, rim sherd; b) Vessel #17,
body sherd; c) Vessel #27, rim sherd; d) Vessel #27, body sherd; e) Vessel #36, body
sherd; f) Vessel #31, rim sherd.
3.16
Figure 3.6. Representative rim sherds, a-e are Accokeek Ware sherds, f and g are sherd whose
ware type is unidentified, a) Vessel # 33; b) Vessel #35; c) Vessel #38; d) Vessel #41;
e) Vessel #43; f) Vessel #50; g) Vessel #55.
3.17
Figure 3.7. Rim sherd profiles. Interior of vessels is to the left, a) Vessel #17, Accokeek
Ware, inverted flat rim; b) Vessel #18, Accokeek Ware, verticle rim; c) Vessel #19, Accokeek
Ware, incised verticle rim; d) Vessel #27, Accokeek Ware, everted flat top rim; e) Vessel #28,
Accokeek Ware, cord marks wrapped over rim; f) Vessel #31, Accokeek Ware, cord marks
wrapped over a verticle rim; g) Vessel #33, Accokeek Ware, everted rim; h) Vessel #35,
Accokeek Ware, flattened verticle rim; j) Vessel #41, Accokeek Ware, plain everted rim; k)
Vessel #43, Accokeek Ware, verticle rim; 1) Vessel #50, unidentified ware type, everted rim;
m) Vessel #55, unidentified ware type, incised everted rim.
3.18
Figure 3.8. Sherds of Vessel #54, Qualla Ware.
3.19
have been made within the inner-coastal plain and transported to this area (Potter 1993:personal
communication). The shale- tempered, cord-marked sherds that so closely resemble the
Accokeek Cord marked ceramics are probably a locally produced variant of Accokeek Ware.
Douglas McLearen has found similar shale-tempered ceramics, along with Marcey Creek Ware,
Selden Island Ware and typical Accokeek Ware ceramics, on the "522 Bridge site" (44WR329)
in nearby Warren County, Virginia. Sherds at the 522 Bridge site were recovered from contexts
with a mean radiocarbon date of ca. 900 B.C. (McLearen 1991:122-123).
There was a gradual increase in hardness of the sherd bodies as measured by the Mohs'
rating for each ware. This increase suggests an advance in ceramic technology indicating an
ability to control/increase firing temperature, a refinement in the material composition and
proportion of the paste and temper, or differing methods of firing the vessel (Rye 1981:27, 121).
Most of the layers containing prehistoric ceramics are homogenous silt/sand deposits.
These homogenous deposits may be indicative of long and dense occupations in the project area.
Less than one quarter (23.96%) of the ceramics used in minimum vessel analysis showed
significant signs of being worn or eroded. These sherds were in 13 vessels — two Marcey Creek
vessels, one Selden Island Ware vessel, nine Accokeek Cord marked vessels, and one untyped
vessel (Table 3.6). Table 3.8 shows the number and type of sherds used in minimum vessel
analysis by unit. This table also shows the layer and elevation of the layer from which each
sherd was recovered. Table 3.9 presents, by vessel, the number of sherds found during
excavations and the unit and layer from which each was recovered. Each of the 55 vessels are
represented in Table 3.9. Tables 3.8 and 3.9 together show that most Accokeek Ware sherds
are found above most Marcey Creek Ware and Selden Island Ware sherds. Elevational
differences between point plotted sherds of varying ware types, within the same unit and level,
are generally less than 0.2 ft.
Tables 3.6, 3.8 and 3.9 show that in most units and layers there is a diversity of ceramic
types. In nearly every unit, however, Accokeek Ware is the most abundant ware.
The Marcey Creek vessels all have a dense, orange or orange-brown paste that is usually
uniform in color throughout the body of the sherd. There is no true core color difference,
although some sherds have a slightly darker body than surface color. The Selden Island Ware
vessels are similar to the Marcey Creek vessels in color and friability of paste, but because of
the differences in vessel form and manufacture, differ in particle size and body thickness.
Typically, Marcey Creek vessels are flat-bottomed bowls with low walls while Selden Island
vessels are deep, conoidal bowls. The average size of the individual steatite temper particles
of the Marcey Creek ware is 4.25 mm, while the average steatite temper particle of the Selden
Island Ware is 3.78 mm. The thickness of body sherds for the two wares differ also. Body
sherds of the Marcey Creek ware average 11.2 mm thick and Selden Island Ware body sherds
average 7.9 mm thick. The Selden Island Ware sherds are generally small and it is not possible
to determine orientation of the cord-marks on the sherd surfaces, i.e., whether the cord-marks
go across the body vertically, horizontally, or at an angle.
The majority of the Accokeek Cord marked vessels have a sand-and-crushed-quartz
temper in a friable paste that is generally orange-red to orange-brown in color. Some sherds do
have a slightly darker body color than surface color. Very few of the sherds display any
clouding or black smudging on either interior or exterior surface. The particles of crushed
3.20
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3.34
quartz temper in the paste of these vessels average 2.1 mm on the longest axis while sherd
thickness of these vessels averages 7 mm.
All but one of the remaining Accokeek Cord marked vessels have a crushed quartz
temper with an average particle size of 3.5 mm. These vessels are very similar to the majority
of Accokeek Cord marked vessels in paste color, friability, and thickness. One of the Accokeek
Cord marked vessels, while similar in all other respects to the rest of the Accokeek vessels, has
a temper of mixed sand, crushed quartz, and shale particles, indicating that it was made locally.
The seven untyped vessels have generally orange to yellow/tan paste with only slightly
darker body colors than surface colors. Two vessels (Vessels #48 and 53) have blackened
interior surfaces. Both Vessel #50 and Vessel #51 show some clouding on the interior or
exterior surface.
Although all of the Accokeek Cord marked vessels, most of the Selden Island Ware, and
most of the untyped vessels are visibly cord marked on the exterior surface, few vessels
contained sherds whose cord-marking was clear enough to make any determination of the
direction of cordage twist. As was stated above, the smallest visible element of cordage
identified on any sherd was segments. The single Selden Island Ware vessel containing a sherd
with identifiable cord-mark segments displays a 'Z' twist. All of the Accokeek Cord marked
vessel sherds with identifiable cord-mark segments display 'S' twists.
LITHICS
Most of the lithic materials recovered from the Package 1 16 archeological investigations
are common and easily obtained in the Harpers Ferry area. Quartz and quartzite veins run
through and between much of the bedded shale in the area, and the Weverton Quartzite
formation caps the Maryland and Loudoun Heights just across the Potomac and Shenandoah
rivers, respectively. Shale cliffs are a prominent feature of the Lower Town area. There is
some evidence of the presence of jasper and chert bedding and nodules, and other
cryptocrystalline-type materials, in several of the formations in Washington County, Maryland
(Stewart 1980:23-26, Table 1, 29-31, 128, 134, 144-156; USDA SCS 1962). Cobbles of various
materials tumble downstream in both the Potomac and the Shenandoah. Much of the material
recovered from the Package 116 excavations is rhyolite. Rhyolite is available to the north in
the Catoctin formations of the Blue Ridge in Frederick County, in the South Mountain region
of the Hagerstown Valley and up through southern Pennsylvania (Stewart 1980:157-8; USDA
SCS 1962). The closest of these rhyolite sources, South Mountain and the Catoctin formations,
generally produce a purple/red rhyolite. The rhyolite recovered from Package 116 is generally
a dark gray with large white phenocrysts and probably came from southern Pennsylvania
(Michael Stewart 1991: personal communication). Metabasalts (greenstone) underlie the Pleasant
Valley section of Washington County to the north (USDA SCS 1962), are visible as outcrops
in the Potomac River approximately one-half mile below its conjunction with the Shenandoah
River, and are also present under some of the soils of Jefferson County, West Virginia (USDA
SCS 1973).
3.35
Preferences for materials used to fashion points and tools varied over time, although
other materials would sometimes be used if the preferred material was unavailable. Cherts and
silicified slates were preferred during the Paleo period through the Middle Archaic. In the
Middle Atlantic area, especially in the northern Middle Atlantic area of Maryland, Pennsylvania,
West Virginia and Northern Virginia, rhyolite was the material of preference during the Late
Archaic and Early Woodland (Gardner 1980:5, Stewart 1980:352). Quartz and quartzite steadily
gained in popularity, becoming most popular in the Late Woodland.
Lithic artifacts from Package 116 totaled 859. Less than half (n=400, 46.56%) were
recovered from levels with no historic artifacts. Lithic artifacts were divided into categories of
fire-cracked rock, flaking debris, flakes, utilized flakes, and other identifiable and/or diagnostic
items, and then further divided by size and material type.
Fire-Cracked Rock
Any stone collected during excavations which showed characteristics associated with
exposure to fire or heat was cataloged as fire-cracked rock. Fire-cracked rock was weighed as
it was cataloged, but because some individual pieces were too large to be accurately weighed
with the available balances the weight is approximate.
There were 386 pieces of fire-cracked rock cataloged with an approximate weight of
31468.5+ grams (Table 3.10). This amount, the largest component of the lithic assemblage,
is 44.9% of the total lithic count. Over 95% (n = 350) of the fire-cracked rock is quartzite. The
34 fire-cracked rocks recovered from Feature 33 in Excavation Unit 4 weighed a total of 17.5
kilograms. Feature 37 in Excavation Unit 3 consisted of 14 stones with a total weight of 986.5
grams. No further analysis of these items has been conducted.
Flaking Debris
The waste produced during the manufacture of tools or projectile points, but lacking any
of the attributes of a flake, was cataloged as flaking debris. There are two types of flaked
debris, the debris greater than 30 mm on any axis was called 'chunk' and the debris smaller than
30 mm on any axis was called 'shatter'.
There were 105 pieces of flaking debris recovered, totalling nearly 13% (12.2%) of the
lithic count (Table 3.10). Shatter comprises over 80% (n=84) of the debris with a weight of
87.5 grams. The chunk debris is 20% (n=21) of the total debris count with a weight of 486.3
grams. The majority of shatter were quartz and the majority of chunks were quartzite (Table
3.11).
Flakes
The waste produced during manufacture of tools or points which has attributes such as
a bulb of percussion or a striking platform, or which shows a concoidal fracture was cataloged
as a flake. Flakes were the second largest category (41.5%, n =357) of lithic artifacts recovered
(Tables 3.10 and 3. 12). With the exception of the utilized flakes, all items cataloged as flakes
3.36
Table 3.10. Lithic Artifacts by Category and Material Type.
Fire-Cracked
Rock
Flaking
Debris
Flakes
Utilized
Flakes
Other
Total
Quartz
% of total
Weight in gm
--
71
48
5
1
122
--
8.2%
5.6%
0.2%
0.1%
14.1%
-
130 gm
71.9 gm
7.2 gm
0.7 gm
209.8 gm
Quartzite
% of total
Weight in gm
350
32
68
--
2
452
40.6%
3.7%
7.9%
-
0.2%
52.4%
***
408.4 gm
486.2 gm
-
11.7gm
***
Rhyolite
% of total
Weight in gm
--
6
224
--
2
232
--
0.7%
26%
-
0.2%
26.9%
-
1.4 gm
75.1 gm
-
2.7 gm
79.2 gm
Chert
% of total
Weight in gm
1
--
10
2
2
15
0.1%
-
1.2%
0.2%
0.2%
1.7%
2.1 gm
-
17.8 gm
23.5 gm
7.1 gm
50.5 gm
Shale
% of total
Weight in gm
11
-
-
-
-
11
1.3%
--
-
-
--
1.3%
2877.4 gm
--
--
-
--
2877.4 gm
Argillite
% of total
Weight in gm
1
--
4
-
-
5
0.1%
--
0.5%
--
-
0.6%
13.9 gm
-
23 gm
-
-
16.2 gm
Greenstone
% of total
Weight in gm
--
--
1
-
-
1
--
--
0.1%
-
-
0.1%
-
-
1.7 gm
-
-
1.7 gm
Chalcedony
% of total
Weight in gm
-
--
1
-
-
1
--
-
0.1%
--
--
0.1%
--
-
1.7 gm
-
-
1.7 gm
Other
% of total
Weight in gm
23
--
-
-
-
23
2.7%
-
-
--
~
2.7%
1141 gm
--
-
-
-
1141 gm
Total
% of total
Weight in gm
386
109
356
4
7
862
44.8%
12.6%
42.3%
0.5%
0.8%
100%
***
539.8 gm
669.5 gm
30.4 gm
22.2 gm
35973+ gm
3.37
Table 3.11. Lithic Flaking Debris by Material Type and Weight
Shatter
Chunk
Total
Quartz
weight in grams
59
12
71
67.7 gm
61.5 gm
129.2 gm
Quartzite
weight in grams
18
14
32
9.5 gm
389.9 gm
399.4 gm
Rhyolite
weight in grams
6
—
6
1.4 gm
—
1.4 gm
Other
weight in grams
1
—
1
0.8 gm
—
0.8 gm
Total
weight in grams
84
25
109
79.4 gm
451.4 gm
503.8 gm
were separated into three categories: primary flakes, secondary flakes, and tertiary flakes.
Utilized flakes are considered a separate category.
Primary flakes are usually interpreted as being part of the first stage of lithic reduction
(i.e., they have only one interior surface and cortex on the dorsal surface). Very often primary
flakes are larger and heavier than flakes resulting from later stages of lithic reduction and
shaping. There were six quartzite flakes, two rhyolite flakes and one chert flake cataloged as
primary flakes. The smallest primary flake found is rhyolite and weighs 1.3 grams. The largest
is quartzite and weighs 97. 1 grams.
Secondary flakes are divided into those with cortex on the dorsal surface and those
without any cortex. Secondary flakes are usually regarded as waste from the second stage of
lithic reduction, which consists of rough shaping and thinning. These flakes can be very large
and can be produced by several different techniques. There are 13 secondary flakes with cortex
— two quartz, seven quartzite, and four rhyolite. There are 272 flakes cataloged as secondary
flakes without cortex. The majority of these secondary flakes without cortex (61 .76% , n = 168)
are rhyolite.
Tertiary flakes are regarded as waste from the final stage of tool/point production. They
can also be generated by the resharpening of an edge or reworking a flake or broken tool/point
for another purpose. Tertiary flakes are small, usually thin, and light, and are generally
produced by pressure flaking techniques. Tertiary flakes account for 17.6% (n=63) of the
flakes recovered. Over 79% (n=50) of these flakes are rhyolite.
3.38
Table 3.12. Flakes, ToolsYPoints by Material.
Primary
Secondary
Secondary
w/ Cortex
Tertiary
Utilized
Other
Total
Quartz
% of total
weight in gm
-
40
2
5
2
1
50
~
10.9%
0.5%
1.4%
0.5%
0.3%
13.7%
--
80.0 gm
4.3 gm
0.7 gm
7.2 gm
0.7 gm
92.9 gm
Quartzite
% of total
weight in gm
6
47
7
8
-
1
69
1.6%
12.8%
1.9%
2.2%
-
0.3%
18.8%
189.5 gm
189.9 gm
124.9 gm
1.4 gm
~
11.7 gm
517.4 gm
Rhyolite
% of total
weight in gm
2
168
4
50
--
2
266
0.5%
45.9%
1.1%
13.7%
--
0.5
73.9%
3.5 gm
118.5 gm
11.4 gm
6.9 gm
-
2.7 gm
143.0 gm
Chert
% of total
weight in gm
1
9
-
~
2
2
14
0.3%
2.5%
~
--
0.5%
0.5%
3.8%
3.0 gm
14.8 gm
-
--
23.5 gm
7.1 gm
48.4 gm
Other
% of total
weight in gm
--
7
--
--
--
~
7
~
1.9%
--
-
--
-
1.9%
--
18.5 gm
~
--
-
~
18.5 gm
Total
% of total
weight in gm
9
271
13
63
4
6
366
2.5%
74.0%
3.5%
17.2%
1.1%
1.6%
100%
196.0 gm
421.7 gm
140.6 gm
9.0 gm
30.7 gm
22.2 gm
820.2 gm
There were four utilized flakes recovered during excavations, two of quartz and two of
chert/jasper (Figures 3.9 and 3. 10). Only one of these flake/ tools was found in a level with no
historic component. All are considered to be secondary flakes. They are described below.
A red chert/jasper flake, possibly heat treated and showing a little polish with several
small flakes removed from the edge during use, was recovered from Excavation Unit 3, level
H (Figures 3.9a and 3.10a).
3.39
Figure 3.9. Possible utilized flakes, a) possible utilized flake of red chert; b) possible
utilized flake of yellow-brown jasper; c) possible utilized flake of white quartz; d) possible
utilized flake of white quartz.
3.40
Figure 3.10. Possible utilized flakes, a) possible utilized flake of red chert; b) possible
utilized flake of yellow-brown jasper; c) possible utilized flake of white quartz; d) possible
utilized flake of white quartz.
3.41
A toffee-colored, chert/jasper flake, showing a little polish with several small flakes
removed from edge during use, was found in Excavation Unit 4, level P2 (Figures 3.9b and
3. 10b). The working edge of this artifact is slightly curved.
A white quartz flake, showing some polish on two sides and evidence of several small
flakes having been removed during use, was found in level LI of Excavation Unit 12 (Figures
3.9c and 3.10c).
A white quartz flake with some polish and several small flakes removed from the edge
during use, was recovered from Feature 90 in Excavation Unit 18 (Figures 3.9d and 3.10d).
Other
Items cataloged in this category include all projectile points, tools and cores. Only three
projectile points, one drill tip, one point/tool tip, one bifacially edged flake, and one quartzite
core were recovered during excavations. Of the three projectile points found, all but one came
from levels which contained only prehistoric artifacts. The descriptions of these items provided
below follow the terminology and guidelines established in the Archaeological Data Recording
Guide by T. Loy and G.R. Powell (1977).
A dark blue-gray chert projectile point was recovered from Excavation Unit 1 in Level
T (elevation 262.73 amsl), a mixed historic/prehistoric context (Figures 3.11a and 3.12a). This
point resembles a Brewerton Side-Notched point as described by William Ritchie (1961:191,
plate 7:72). This point shows some cloudy white patina. It is 34.80 mm long from tip to center
of base and is 21.65 mm wide at the base. The width of the blade at the top of the side notches
measures 20.23 mm. Width at the narrowest point inside the notches is 16 mm. The maximum
thickness of the blade is 6.73 mm. The base is concave, both sides being beveled, and the blade
has a contracting - excurvate form. The whole point shows continuous flaking on both sides and
is well made with a distinct biconvex cross section.
The projectile point found in Excavation Unit 3 Level P3 (elevation 262.45 amsl)
resembles a Bare Island Point (Late Archaic) as defined by William Ritchie (1961: 14, plate 3:64)
(Figures 3. 1 lb and 3. 12b). It is of a green quartzite with a narrow band/ vein of white quartzite
running from the mid-side to the center of the side of the stem. This point is 60.46 mm in length
and 26. 10 mm wide at the widest point just above the stem. Maximum thickness of the point
is 7. 15 mm. The blade has a contracting - excurvate form and the blase is slightly convex with
a width of 22.35 mm. A prominent medial ridge runs from the tip to approximately half way
down the blade. The point as a whole is well made, shows continuous flaking on both sides,
and is biconvex in cross section. It is missing one corner of the base of the stem.
The small, white quartz, Late Woodland triangular point found in Level M4 of
Excavation Unit 33 (elevation 262.92 amsl) is a Levanna Small Triangular point (Potter 1993:85)
(Figures 3. 1 lc and 3. 12c). This small point is a straight-sided, equilateral triangle form but is
missing one corner. The one complete side measures 17.29 mm and the overall length of the
point from tip to center of base is 16.43 mm. The maximum width of the point is 3.53 mm.
It is well made, with continuous flaking on both sides.
A tool or projectile point tip of dark gray-black rhyolite with white phenocrysts was
recovered from Level L of Excavation Unit 18 (elevation 264.13 amsl) in a mixed
3.42
Figure 3.11. Points, tips/tools, a) Brewerton Side-notched point; b) Bare Island-like point;
c) Levanna point; d) Point/tool tip; e) Drill/perforator tip; f) Bifacially edged flake.
3.43
Figure 3.12. Points, tips/ tools, a) Brewerton Side-notched point; b) Bare Island-like point;
c) Levanna point; d) Point/tool tip; e) Drill/perforator tip; f) Bifacially edged flake.
3.44
historic/prehistoric context (Figures 3. 1 Id and 3. 12d). The tip shows evidence of an excurvate -
parallel or contracting blade with continuous flaking on both sides.
A drill tip of black rhyolite with white phenocrysts was recovered from Excavation Unit
1 Level S (elevation 263.21 amsl) in a transitional historic to prehistoric context (Figures 3. lie
and 3. 12e). This item has a parallel - excurvate blade and a very strong medial ridge. It shows
discontinuous flaking on both sides and when looking at either face of the blade, the mid-upper
left edge shows wear and breakage indicative of the tool having been used as a drill or perforator
and turned in a counter-clockwise direction.
A bifacially edged flake was recovered from Level 09 (elevation 262.29 amsl), south
west quadrant of Excavation Unit 14 (Figures 3.1 If and 3.12f). Of a red (possibly heat
treated)jasper, it has weak side notches and probably had a curved, crescent- shaped body. The
upper portion of this item is missing due to a diagonal break approximately 36.53 mm from the
base up the working edge, and only 24.22 mm up the back edge from the base. The widest
portion of the body of this flake is 13.79 mm, but the basal portion is only 8.9 mm wide inside
the notches and 11. 19 mm wide at the base. The side notches are weakly defined, with flaking
on one side only, and the shoulders are very rounded. The maximum thickness of the flake
body is 3.29 mm and this measurement is consistent from the base up to the break. There is
a pronounced rotation/twist of five to ten degrees, in a counter-clockwise direction, along the
vertical axis of the body (i.e. up the flake from the base to the break). The base is straight and
shows flaking scares only on the bottom. The flaking is apparent only on the edges in a
discontinuous and random manner. The flaking on the ventral edge is weaker than the flaking
on the dorsal edge. No historic artifacts or prehistoric diagnostic artifacts, and no features, were
found in this level.
One quartzite core was recovered from Excavation Unit 4, in the south-west quadrant of
Level P5 (elevation 262. 1 1 amsl). This item has cortex on both rounded ends and several flakes
removed longitudinally around the mid-section.
Discussion
Lithic assemblages usually contain more secondary flakes than primary or tertiary flakes.
Generally more secondary flakes are produced during manufacture of tools and points than
primary and tertiary flakes. However, secondary flakes can be almost any size, from 15 mm
and up, and can weigh up to several grams. To gain a better understanding of the actual size
and type of lithic debitage recovered, all of the flakes, including utilized flakes, were also
divided into seven size categories: grade 1 = less than 5 mm; grade 2 = 5 mm to 10 mm;
grade 3 = 10 mm to 15 mm; grade 4 = 15 mm to 20 mm; grade 5 = 20 mm to 25 mm; grade
6 = 25 mm to 30 mm; and grade 7 = greater than 30 mm. This division was accomplished by
placing and measuring each flake within a series of graduated circles of 5 to 30 mm in diameter.
Each flake was then weighed on an electronic balance accurate to the nearest 0.1 gram. All
primary, secondary, tertiary and utilized flakes, a total of 361 flakes, have been graded by size
and weighed (Table 3.13).
No flakes less than 5 mm were recovered. This could be due, in part, to the
methodology used in the field to recover artifacts. Flakes of less than 10 mm can fall through
quarter-inch hardware cloth. A lack of very small flakes could also be indicative of the natural
3.45
Table 3.13. Flakes by Graded Size and Material
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Total
Quartz
% of total
weight in gm
~
2
18
14
6
5
5
50
--
0.55%
5%
3.9%
1.7%
1.4%
1.4%
13.9%
-
0.2 gm
5.8 gm
9.8 gm
9.0 gm
14.7 gm
54.7 gm
94.2 gm
Quart zite
% of total
weight in gm
--
1
17
10
8
6
22
64
-
0.28%
14.7%
2.8%
2.2%
1.7%
6.1%
1.1%
-
1.1 gm
5.3 gm
7.1 gm
10.7 gm
13.8 gm
459.4 gm
496.4 gm
Rhyolite
% of total
weight in gm
--
25
101
54
29
14
4
227
--
6.9%
28%
15%
8%
3.9%
1.1%
63%
-
2.4 gm
21.4 gm
27.8 gm
29.8 gm
27.3 gm
33.6 gm
142.3 gm
Chert
% of total
weight in gm
--
-
2
2
2
3
3
12
-
--
0.55%
0.55%
0.55%
0.8%
0.8%
3.3%
-
-
0.4 gm
1.7 gm
1.7 gm
8.4 gm
29. 1 gm
41.3 gm
Other
% of total
weight in gm
-
--
2
2
-
1
2
7
--
-
0.55%
0.55%
-- .
0.28%
0.55%
1.9%
-
-
1.0 gm
1.5 gm
-
1.0 gm
15.0 gm
18.5 gm
Total
% of total
weight in gm
28
140
82
45
29
36
360
7.8%
38.9%
22.8%
12.5%
8%
10%
100%
2.7 gm
33.9 gm
47.9 gm
51.2 gm
65.2 gm
591.8 gm
792.7 gm
disturbances that the area has been subjected to. Very small flakes are light and easily swept
away in water currents or general disturbances to which an occupied area is subject. However,
this lack of very small flakes could be because the units excavated during Package 116 did not
include areas where final point production occurred. Given the small amount of area excavated,
this is the likely explanation.
Of the nine primary flakes recovered, only two are of rhyolite. However, the majority
of secondary and tertiary flakes recovered during excavations are rhyolite. The paucity of large,
primary flakes probably indicate that the rhyolite was brought in as preforms or may also be
because the area excavated did not include areas where point and tool production occurred.
3.46
POLLEN AND PHYTOLITH ANALYSIS
Soil samples from the excavation units of Package 116 were collected during excavation.
Selected samples from both historic and prehistoric levels were submitted for analysis. The data
on the prehistoric levels analysis presented here is more fully detailed in Interdisciplinary
Investigations of Domestic Life in Government Block B: Perspectives on Harpers Ferry 's Armory
and Commercial District (Shackel 1993).
Pollen
The samples submitted for pollen analysis were from prehistoric levels of Excavation
Unit 3 (Levels PI, P2, and P3) and from Features 69 and 90 in Excavation Unit 18 (Cummings
1993).
The three samples from Excavation Unit 3 included two samples from a possible
Accokeek phase occupation (samples 28 and 29) and one sample from a possible Marcey Creek
phase occupation (sample 30). The two samples from the features in Excavation Unit 18
consisted of one from a possible Accokeek phase occupation (Feature 69, sample 155) and one
from a possible Marcey Creek phase occupation (Feature 90, sample 156) (Cummings 1993).
The samples from Excavation Unit 18 were more diverse than those from Excavation
Unit 3. This may be due, at least in part, because Excavation Unit 18 is located closer to the
Shenandoah River than Excavation Unit 3 and the wetter conditions in Excavation Unit 18 may
have helped to preserve the macrofloral record. Indeterminate pollen counts, which are
commonly used as a measure of preservation, were always at least 50% of the total pollen count
in the samples from Excavation Unit 3, but were usually less than 30% of counts from the
Excavation Unit 18 samples. The greater destruction of the pollen record from Excavation Unit
3 makes direct comparisons of the habitat reflected in the two units difficult (Cummings 1993).
Trees reflected in the pollen record of all samples from these two excavation units
include: alder, hickory and pecan, chestnut, walnut, hazel, pine, oak, hemlock, elm, linden,
basswood and spruce. This last species probably represents a longer distance transport as spruce
trees are not expected in this area. Excavation Unit 18 samples showed a larger frequency of
grass pollens than did samples from Excavation Unit 3. The prehistoric samples from
Excavation Unit 18 show a higher frequency of chestnut pollen than do the samples from the
historic levels of the same unit. The largest frequency of pine pollen was found in the possible
Marcey Creek phase occupation (sample 156, Excavation Unit 18). Pine pollens declined in
Accokeek phase occupation (sample 155, Excavation Unit 18) as the presence of grass pollens
rose (Cummings 1993).
The pollen record from both the Marcey Creek (sample 156) and the Accokeek phase
components (sample 155) from Excavation Unit 18 also indicate the presence of plants which
grow well in moist, open areas, such as plants from the lily family and the
dandelion/chicory /wild lettuce family of plants. Clover pollens were present in both samples
from Excavation Unit 18 but were not found in any of the samples from Excavation Unit 3.
Both excavation units show pollens from plants such as ragweed, sumpweed, pigweed,
goosefoot, and the mustard family. Samples from the possible Accokeek phase occupation
3.47
included phlox family pollens. Excavation Unit 3 contained pollen from cattail/bur-reed plants.
The pollen grains from this family of plants are fragile and decay easily. They are difficult to
identify when poorly preserved and so may not have been identifiable in the samples from
Excavation Unit 18 (Cummings 1993).
Phytolith
Samples submitted for phytolith analysis included samples from Features #69, #84, and
#90 in Excavation Unit 18 and Levels PI, P2, and P3 in Excavation Unit 3 (Rovner 1993).
The samples submitted for phytolith analysis were, regrettably, not as informative as had
been hoped. An arbitrary standard of a minimum 200 particle count for each mounted sample
is desired. The samples from the Package 116 project however, generally had less than 100
particles per mounted sample, some mounted samples had less than 10 particles. Distinctive
grass particles were not common and distinctive non-grass particles were rare. There was also
some unidentified debris which appeared in the samples from Accokeek phase occupation levels
(Features 69 and 84) (Rovner 1993).
Results of this analysis show a dominance of non-grass phytoliths with evidence of
deciduous trees and sedge, i.e., an area dominated by a background forest with only sporadic
open areas for grasses to flourish in. The evidence of the types of identified grasses indicate
a moist environment as would be expected of an area so close to a river. (Rovner 1993).
A potentially important anomaly was noted in the Accokeek phase occupation sample
from Feature 69. An unusually great amount of some unknown type of "denticulate" phytolith
was noted in this sample. These "denticulates" are small, irregular elongates with a few teeth
or projections of varying sizes, numbers and intervals. A few of these phytoliths are noted in
the Marcey Creek phase occupation sample from Level P3 of Excavation Unit 3, but they appear
in no other sample (Rovner 1993).
Discussion
The results of the pollen and the phytolith analysis show that during both the Marcey
Creek and Accokeek phases of occupation, the area was dominated by a mixed hardwood forest.
There is evidence of breaks in the forest cover - either due to the natural conditions associated
with a moist, floodplain area and/or due to factors indicating cultural exploitation of the area
(Rovner 1993:6.10). Naturally occurring, small, open areas may have been expanded by
clearing trees to provide adequate area for a habitation site. The amount of pine pollens
decreased as grass pollens rose in the samples from the Accokeek phase components (Cummings
1993:7.17). Pine trees are often found in the regrowth of areas previously cleared, either due
to natural factors (e.g., fire, flood, etc.) or cultural factors (Cummings 1993: personal
communication). The increase of grass pollen in association with the decrease in pine pollens
in the Accokeek phase component likely indicates that clearing of pine trees took place to
provide room for a base camp site. Whether this growth of pine was the result of clearing that
took place during the Marcey Creek phase occupation, an earlier Accokeek occupation, or was
the result of natural factors is undetermined.
3.48
CHAPTER 4
INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS
Relatively undisturbed remains of prehistoric occupations in the Harpers Ferry area were
recovered during the Package 116 excavations at elevations near 262 amsl. and at approximately
6 ft below the current ground surface. The excavations to recover the prehistoric remains in the
Package 116 area involved the removal of less than 200 cubic ft of soil from 11 excavation
units. In this small excavation area, three or four fire-cracked rock, hearth features, at least
three postholes, and at least two other features whose function has not been determined, were
discovered. Three of the fire-cracked rock features and one of the postholes were found within
a 25 ft radius of each other. All of the postholes were within a 20 ft radius of each other.
Correlating the number of lithic and ceramic artifacts recovered during this excavation with the
amount of excavated soil yields at least 2 lithic and 1.3 ceramic artifacts recovered for each
cubic foot of soil removed. Minimum vessel analysis of the ceramic component of the
assemblage from Package 116 identified a minimum of 55 vessels, the majority of which are
either Marcey Creek Ware vessels or Accokeek Ware vessels. These factors, taken in
conjunction, indicate a relatively dense prehistoric usage of the area, circa 1,200 to 500 B.C.
The diversity of ceramic types and their varying date ranges suggest a series of
occupations by temporally and, possibly, ethnically different groups. The Qualla Ware vessel
and the small Levanna point are evidence of a Late Woodland occupation, remains of which
have been disturbed by historic activities. The other ceramic types identified and the abundance
of rhyolite argue for a strong Terminal Archaic/Early Woodland occupation. The pollen and
phytolith analyses indicate that naturally occurring clearings in the hardwood forest were
enlarged to provide space for a habitation site during the Accokeek phase occupation.
Douglas McLearen's work on the 522 Bridge site (44WR329) in nearby Warren County,
Virginia, documents an Early Woodland site with characteristics similar to those found in
Package 1 16 (McLearen 1991). The 522 Bridge site has a variety of ceramic types very similar
to the ones encountered in Package 116. This site also has nine oval or round structures,
defined by postholes ranging from .25 ft to 1.0 ft in diameter and spaced anywhere from 1 ft
to 5 ft apart (McLearen 1991: Figure 26-31, 74-89). Douglas McLearen posits two or three
small structures that may have been for use in the summer, six larger and more elaborate
structures that may have been for use in cooler months, and possibly various small racks,
interior partitions, windbreaks/ fences, etc. (McLearen 1991:74-89). Although the Package 116
excavations were too confined and limited in scope, and the identified features too few to define
patterns, several of the structures at the 522 Bridge site were defined by postholes similar in size
and spacing to the postholes discovered during the Package 116 excavations. It is likely that
there were similar structures associated with the Accokeek phase occupation in the Package 116
project area.
The amount of ceramic sherds and vessels recovered from the Package 116 excavations
seems an anomaly for sites in the nearby region. Kavanagh shows only 12 out of 91 Terminal
Archaic sites in the Monocacy Valley containing steatite tempered pottery, one- third of them
along the Potomac River within the Monocacy drainage (Kavanagh 1982:Figure 18, 60-62).
4.1
Early Woodland sites in the Monocacy Valley are equally devoid of ceramic components. Only
6 out of 90 Early Woodland Sites contained pottery — most of it identified as Accokeek Cord
marked with quartz and sand temper (Kavanagh 1982:Figure 21, 62-65). Of the 42 Early
Woodland sites that Stewart shows in the Hagerstown Valley, only 9 sites are noted to contain
pottery sherds tempered with steatite or crushed rock (Stewart 1980: Figure 49 and 40, 362-
370). Carr and Gardner note in their reconnaissance survey of the Berkeley County area that
the 11 collections they saw containing 3,000 to 4,000 artifacts had only a "few [steatite] bowl
fragments and unfortunately only a very few clay pottery sherds." (Carr and Gardner 1979:4).
Douglas McLearen, reporting on the 522 Bridge site in Warren County, Virginia, indicates that
although the site contained several types of ceramic wares, many of the sherds were small, very
worn or eroded, and fewer than might have been expected considering the numerous features
and area investigated (McLearen 1991:89, 97).
A characteristic worth noting is the occurrence of shale-tempered cord-marked pottery
at both the Package 116 excavations and the 522 Bridge site. In both cases, this ceramic closely
resembles, and is clearly associated with, more traditional Accokeek Ware sherds and probably
represents a locally produced variant of Accokeek Cord-marked pottery.
The abundance of rhyolite, given the near availability of other lithic materials, is a
characteristic of other sites within Washington and Frederick Counties, Maryland, and sites in
Berkeley County, West Virginia. Stewart noted that rhyolite use in the Hagerstown Valley is
most intense during the Late Archaic and Early Woodland (Stewart 1980:237, 352) and that
lithic debitage and undiagnostic tools at Late Archaic and Early Woodland sites within the
Hagerstown Valley averaged over 80% rhyolite, even when the site was closer to sources of
other materials (Stewart 1980:354). Kavanagh showed that rhyolite usage vastly outweighed the
usage of any other material for diagnostic points in the Late Archaic, Terminal Archaic, and
Early Woodland sites of the Monocacy Valley (Kavanagh 1982:Table 23, 83). Carr and Gardner
found that 44% of all projectile points from the Late Archaic period, in the 1 1 collections from
Berkeley County, West Virginia, that they observed were rhyolite (Carr and Gardner 1979:9,
33).
Prehistoric materials had been recovered from earlier archeological excavations in the
Harpers Ferry area, but only in historically disturbed contexts. The investigations of Package
116, however, have provided clear evidence of substantial Late Archaic/Early Woodland
occupations. Given the tremendous amount of industrial, commercial, and residential
development and construction that has taken place during historic times in this area, it is
remarkable that such substantial evidence of prehistoric occupations has survived. Given the
relatively small number of in-situ archeological deposits dating to circa 1200-500 b.c. in the
Potomac Valley, the Marcey Creek and Accokeek phase occupations at Harpers Ferry are
potentially eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places at the regional level.
4.2
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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1988 Phase I Archaeological Survey of the Baltimore Gas and Electric Company Tuscarora
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Behm, J. A.
1983 Flake Concentrations: Distinguishing Between Flint Working Activity Areas and
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1984 Archeological Investigations on the Wager Block Buildings, 1977-1978. National Park
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Cassedy, Daniel
1986 Toward a More Comparable Measure of Lithic Reduction Activity. Journal of Middle
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1 979 A Preliminary Prehistoric Archeological Resources Reconnaissance of Berkely County,
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5.1
Cloos, Ernst
1951 "The Structural Geology of Washington County." in The Physical Features of
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Coe, Michael, Dean Snow and Elizabeth Benson
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Cummings, Linda Scott
1993 Pollen And Macrofloral Analysis of Material For Package 116 the Late Nineteenth-
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Old Master Armorer's House At Harpers Ferry National Historical Park, West Virginia.
In Interdisciplinary Investigations of Domestic Live in Government Block B: Perspectives
on Harpers Ferry's Armory and Commercial District, Occasional Report No. 6, edited by
Paul A. Shackel, Chapter 17. Department of the Interior, National Capital Region
Archaeology Program. National Park Service.
1993 Personal communication, 13 September 1993.
Dickens, Roy S.
1976 Cherokee Prehistory. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville.
Egloff, Keith T.
1987 Ceramic Study of Woodland Occupation Along the Clinch and Powell Rivers in
Southwestern Virginia. Research Report Series # 3. Department of Conservation and
Historic Resources, Division of Historic Landmarks, Richmond, Virginia.
Egloff, Keith T. and Stephen R. Potter
1982 Indian Ceramics from Costal Plain Virginia. Archeology of Eastern North America
10:95-115.
Evans, Clifford
1955 A Ceramic Study of Virginia Archeology. Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin
160. Smithsonian Institution. United States Government Printing Office, Washington,
D.C.
Evans, June and Jay F. Custer
1990 Guidelines for Standardizing Projectile Point Typology in the Middle Atlantic Region.
Journal of Middle Atlantic Archaeology 6:31-41.
Everhart, William C.
1952 A History of Harpers Ferry. Manuscript on file at Harpers Ferry National Historical
Park.
5.2
Gardner, William M.
1974 Archeological Investigations ~ Harpers Ferry. Report submitted to Harpers Ferry
National Historical Park.
1980 Settlement-Subsistence Strategies in the Middle and South Atlantic Portions of the
Eastern United States During the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene. Paper presented at
the 1980 American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C.
1983 What Goes Up Must Come Down: Transhumance In the Mountainous Zones of the
Middle Atlantic. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern
Region, Cultural Resources Report No. 2:2-42. Paper presented at Upland Archeology In
The East: A Symposium, February 27 through March 1, 1981.
1986 Lost Arrowheads & Broken Pottery. A Thunderbird Museum Publication.
Halchin, Jill Y.
1992 Archeological Investigations at Building 37, Wager Lot 52. National Park Service.
United States Department of the Interior.
Hoffman, Michael A.
1979 Patterns in Time: Human Adaptation in the Blue Ridge from 7000 B.C. to 1930 A.D.
Humphrey, Robert L. and Mary Elizabeth Chambers
1977 Ancient Washington: American Indian Cultures of the Potomac Valley. George
Washington University, Washington Studies, No. 6.
Hurlbut, Cornelius S.
1971 Dana's Manual of Mineralogy. 18th edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York.
Hurley, William M.
1979 Prehistoric Cordage. Manuals On Archeology, 3. Taraxacum, Washington, D. C.
Kavanagh, Maureen
1982 Archeological Resources of the Monocacy River Region. Maryland Geological
Survey, Department of Natural Resources, File Report Number 164. Report submitted to
Maryland Historic Trust, Frederick County Planning Commission, and Carroll County
Planning and Zoning Commission.
Larrabee, Edward McMillan
1963 A Survey of Historic and Prehistoric Archeological Sites Along the Chesapeake &
Ohio Canal National Monument, 1961-1962. Contract No. 14-10-0529-2000. Report
submitted to National Park Service, Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Monument.
5.3
Loy, T. and G. R. Powell
1977 Archaeological Data Recording Guide. British Columbia Provincial Museum Heritage
Record No. 3. British Columbia Provincial Museum, Victoria.
Manson, Carl
1948 Marcey Creek Site: An Early Manifestation in the Potomac Valley. In American
Antiquity Vol. XIII, No. 3.
Marye, William B.
1935 "Patowmeck Above Ye Inhabitants. " A Commentary on the Subject of an Old Map.
in Maryland Historical Magazine, Vol. XXX, March 1935.
McLearen, Douglas C.
1991 Phase III Archaeological Investigations of the "522 Bridge Site" (44WR329) Warren
County, Virginia. Report prepared for the Virginia Department of Transportation,
Richmond, Virginia.
Potter, Stephen R.
1993 Commoners, Tribute, and Chiefs: The Development of Algonquian Culture in the
Potomac Valley. University Press of Virginia. Charlottesville and London.
1993 Personal communication, 23 September 1993.
Pousson, John F.
1986 Archeological Investigations, Harpers Ferry National Historical Park, Package No.
1 10A, Wager Block Backyards. National Park Service. United States Department of the
Interior.
1988 Archeological Investigations, Harpers Ferry Visitor Transportation System. National
Historical Park. United States Department of the Interior.
Ravenhorst, John W. (editor)
1993 Building 40 Archeological Excavations, Harpers Ferry National Historical Park.
National Park Service. Department of the Interior. Report submitted to Harpers Ferry
National Historical Park.
Rhy, Owen S.
1981 Pottery Technology. Manuals on Archeology, 4. Taraxacum, Washington, D. C.
Ritchie, William A.
1961 A Typology and Nomenclature for New York Projectile Points. New York State
Museum and Science Service Bulletin 384, Albany.
5.4
Rovner, Irwin
1993 Phytolith Analysis: Archaeological Soils From Lower Town Harpers Ferry, West
Virginia. In Interdisciplinary Investigations of Domestic Live in Government Block B:
Perspectives on Harpers Ferry 's Armory and Commercial District, Occasional Report No.
6, edited by Paul A. Shackel, Chapter 16. Department of the Interior, National Capital
Region Archaeology Program. National Park Service.
Seidel, Ellen M.
1985 Archeological Excavtions for Package No. 115, Buildings 3, 37, 38, 39, 40, 43, and
Lot 55B, Harpers Ferry National Historical Park, Harpers Ferry, West Virginia. National
Park Service. United States Department of the Interior.
Shackel, Paul A. (editor)
1993 Interdisciplinary Investigations of Domestic Live in Government Block B: Perspectives
on Harpers Ferry 's Armory and Commercial District, Occasional Report No. 6, edited by
Paul A. Shackel. Department of the Interior, National Capital Region Archeology
Program. National Park Service.
United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service
1962 Soil Survey of Washington County, Maryland. United States Department of
Agriculture in cooperation with Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station
1973 Soil Survey of Jefferson County, West Virginia. United States Department of
Agriculture in cooperation with West Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station.
Stephenson, Robert L., and Alice L. Ferguson
1963 The Accokeek Creek Site, A Middle Atlantic Seabound Culture Sequence. In
Anthropological Papers No. 20. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor.
Stewart, R. Michael
1980 Prehistoric' Settlement and Subsistence Pattern and the Testing of Predictive Site
Location Models in the Great Valley of Maryland (A Dissertation for the Degree Doctor
of Philosophy) Catholic University of America, Washington, D.C.
1983 Prehistoric Settlement Patterns In The Blue Ridge Province Of Maryland. United
States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Region, Cultural Resources
Report No. 2:43-90. Paper presented at Upland Archeology In The East: A Symposium,
February 27 through March 1, 1981.
1986 Inferences from Intra-Site Lithic Distributions. Journal of Middle Atlantic Archaeology
2:93-115.
5.5
1991 Mid Atlantic Archaeological Conference, Ocean City, Maryland, April 5-7, 1991.
Personal communication, 6 April 6 1991.
Verrey, Robert
1986 Methodology for Analysis of Flintknapping Debitage from the Thunderbird Site.
Journal of Middle Atlantic Archaeology 2:63-78.
Waldman, Carl
1985 Atlas of the North American Indian. Facts On File Publications, New York, New
York and Oxford, England.
Wall, Robert D.
1981 An Archeological Study of the Western Maryland Coal Region: The Prehistoric
Resources. Report submitted to the Maryland Bureau of Mines, Department of Matural
Resources, Maryland Geological Survey.
5.6
APPENDIX I
POINT PLOTTED ARTIFACTS:
WARE TYPE AND ELEVATION
6.1
Provenience Artifact
[unit, level, feature]
Ware
Elevation Minimum Vessel #
HAFE#
46JF84.3.P2
Flake
263.07
Sherd #1
Accokeek
262.75
54431
Sherd #2
Accokeek
262.76
54432
Sherd #3
Accokeek
262.64
54433
Sherd #4
Accokeek
262.52
Vessel #17
54434
Sherd #5
Accokeek
262.47
54435
Sherd #6
Accokeek
262.46
54437
46JF84.3.P3
Flake
262.33
Sherd #1
Accokeek
262.43
Vessel #20
54454
Sherd #2
Accokeek
262.29
Vessel #18
54455
Sherd #3
Accokeek
262.30
Vessel #18
54456
Sherd #5
Accokeek
262.27
Vessel #16
54457
Sherd #6
Accokeek
262.32
Vessel #16
54458
Sherd #7
Accokeek
262.27
54459
Sherd #8
Accokeek
262.23
Vessel #16
54460
Sherd #9
Accokeek
262.22
Vessel #19
54461
Sherd #10
Accokeek
262.28
Vessel #24
54462
Sherd #11
Accokeek
262.32
54463
Sherd #12
Accokeek
262.22
Vessel #29
54464
Sherd #13
Accokeek
262.20
54465
Sherd #14
Marcey Creek
262.18
Vessel #7
54466
Sherd #15
Accokeek
262.08
Vessel #18
54467
Sherd #16
Accokeek
262.10
Vessel #24
54468
Sherd #17
Accokeek
262.14
Vessel #16
54469
Sherd #18
Accokeek
262.06
54470
Sherd #19
Seldon Island
262.11
Vessel #13
54471
Sherd #20
Marcey Creek
261.97
Vessel #1
54472
Sherd #21
Accokeek
261.90
Vessel #24
54473
Sherd #22
steatite temper
262.18
54474
Sherd #23
Accokeek
261.94
54475
Sherd #24
Accokeek
262.39
Vessel #25
54476
Sherd #25
Accokeek
262.26
54477
Sherd #26
Accokeek
261.95
54478
Sherd #27
Marcey Creek
261.70
Vessel #1
54479
Sherd #28
Accokeek
262.19
Vessel #24
54480
6.2
Provenience Artifact
[unit, level, feature]
Ware
Elevation Minimum Vessel #
HAFE#
46JF84.4.P3
Sherd #1
Accokeek
262.11
Sherd #2
Marcey Creek
262.90
Vessel #2
55474
Sherd #3
Accokeek
262.73
Vessel #18
55475
46JF84.4.P4
Sherd #4
Accokeek
262.22
Vessel #24
55481
Sherd #5
Accokeek
262.07
55482
Sherd #6
Accokeek
262.11
55483
Sherd #7
Accokeek
261.97
Vessel #28
55484
Sherd #8
Accokeek
261.96
Vessel #31
55485
Sherd #9
Marcey Creek
262.05
Vessel #1
55486
Sherd #10
Accokeek
261.85
Vessel #25
55487
Sherd #11
Marcey Creek
262.12
Vessel #2
55498
Sherd #12
Accokeek
262.28
Vessel #16
55488
46JF84.4.P5
Sherd #13
Accokeek
262.22
Vessel #30
55499
Sherd #14
Accokeek
262.07
Vessel #24
55500
Sherd #15
Accokeek
262.04
Vessel #19
55501
Sherd #16
plain
262.04
Vessel #48
55502
Sherd #17
Accokeek
262.11
Vessel #24
55503
Sherd #18
Accokeek
262.12
Vessel #18
55504
Sherd #19
Marcey Creek
261.91
Vessel #2
55505
Sherd #20
Marcey Creek
261.90
Vessel #2
55506
Sherd #22
Marcey Creek
261.90
Vessel #2
55507
Sherd #24
Marcey Creek
261.71
Vessel #2
55508
Sherd #25
Accokeek
261.83
55509
Sherd #26
Accokeek
261.69
55510
Sherd #27
qtz/sand temper
261.60
55511
Shale Stone
261.98
46JF84.4.P6
Sherd #29
unident. /waste
262.55
55519
Sherd #30
Accokeek
261.51
55513
Sherd #31
unidentified
261.51
55515
Sherd #32
Accokeek
261.31
55514
6.3
Provenience Artifact
[unit, level, feature]
Ware
Elevation Minimum Vessel #
HAFE#
46JF84.4.P/Wall
Sherd #33
Accokeek
262.19
Vessel #16
55554
Sherd #34
Marcey Creek
261.89
Vessel #2
55555
Sherd #35
Marcey Creek
261.85
Vessel #1
55556
Sherd #36
Marcey Creek
261.94
Vessel #2
55557
46JF84.14.01
Sherd
Accokeek
263.53
Vessel #24
61864
46JF84. 14.05
Sherd #1
Accokeek
262.86
61849
Sherd #2
Accokeek
262.77
Vessel #16
61850
46JF84.14.07
Sherd #3
Accokeek
262.46
61864
46JF84. 14.09
Bifacially-edged flake
262.03
61874
46JF84.18.N2.90
Flake/ scrapper
261.68
Sherd #3
Marcey Creek
261.52
Vessel #8
63977
Sherd #4
Accokeek
261.55
Vessel #26
63978
Sherd #5
Accokeek
261.78
Vessel #26
63979
Sherd #6
Accokeek
261.64
Vessel #26
63980
Sherd #7
Accokeek
261.55
Vessel #26
63981
46JF84.19.M3
Sherd #1
Accokeek
263.44
Vessel #24
64653
Sherd #2
Accokeek
263.45
Vessel #32
64654
Sherd #3
cord-marked
263.36
Vessel #52
64655
Sherd #4
Accokeek
263.37
64656
Sherd #5
cord-marked
263.36
Vessel #52
64657
Sherd #6
cord-marked
263.31
Vessel #18
64658
6.4
Provenience Artifact
Ware
Elevation
Minimum Vessel #
HAFE
[unit, level, feature]
46JF84.19.M4
Sherd #1
cord-marked
263.31
Vessel #52
64660
Sherd #2
unidentified
263.24
64661
Sherd #3
Accokeek
263.17
Vessel #24
64662
Sherd #4
Accokeek
263.08
Vessel #32
64663
FCR#5
263.12
Sherd #6
Accokeek
263.09
Vessel #24
64664
Sherd #7
Accokeek
263.07
Vessel #24
64665
46JF84.25.R5
Sherd #1
Marcey Creek
262.72
68665
46JF84.36.O5.108a
Flake
261.92
46JF84. 36.05. 108b
Sherd #2
Accokeek
261.65
Vessel #17
76712
Sherd #3
Accokeek
261.49
Vessel #17
76711
46JF84. 36.05. 108c
Sherd #4
cord-marked
261.49
76721
Sherd #5
Accokeek
261.35
76722
46JF84. 36.05
Sherd #6
Accokeek
261.64
76736
46JF84.36.06
Sherd #7
Accokeek
261.62
76744
Sherd #8
Accokeek
261.43
76743
Sherd #9
cord-marked
261.46
76742
Sherd #10
unidentified
261.39
76741
46JF84.37J5
Sherd #1
Accokeek
263.55
78044
6.5
APPENDIX n:
EXCAVATION UNIT SUMMARIES FOR PACKAGE 116
7.1
KEY FOR MUNSELL SOIL COLORS
HUE 2.5YR '
2.5/0
Black
3/2
Dusky Red
4/2
Weak Red
4/6
Red
4/8
Red
5/4
Reddish Brown
5/8
Red
HUE 5YR
2.5/2
Dark Reddish Brown
3/1
Very Dark Gray
3/2
Dark Reddish Brown
3/3
Dark Reddish Brown
3/4
Dark Reddish Brown
4/2
Yellowish Brown
5/6
Yellowish Red
6/8
Reddish Yellow
HUE 7.5YR
2/0
Black
3/0
Very Dark Gay
3/2
Dark Brown
3/4
Dark Brown
4/2
Brown-Dark Brown
4/4
Brown-Dark Brown
4/6
Strong Brown
5/6
Strong Brown
5/8
Strong Brown
6/4
Light Brown
HUE 10YR
2/1
Black
2/2
Very Dark Brown
3/1
Very Dark Gray
3/2
Very Dark Grayish Brown
3/3
Very Dark Brown
3/4
Dark Yellowish Brown
3/6
Dark Yellowish Brown
4/1
Dark Gray
4/2
Dark Grayish Brown
4/3
Brown-Dark Brown
4/4
Dark Yellowish Brown
4/6
Dark Yellowish Brown
5/1
Gray
5/2
Grayish Brown
5/3
Brown
5/4
Yellowish Brown
5/6
Yellowish Brown
5/8
Yellowish Brown
HUE 2.5Y
2/0
Black
3/0
Very Dark Gray
3/2
Very Dark Grayish Brown
5/2
Grayish Brown
HUE5Y
2.5/1
Black
3/1
Very Dark Gray
3/2
Dark Olive Gray
4/2
Olive Gray
5/1
Gray
5/3
Olive
7.2
EXCAVATION UNIT SUMMARIES FOR PKG. 116 (46JF84)
EXCAVATION UNIT 1, N940 E920
Janet Blutstein, Brett Burk, Diane Fenicle, Frank Walski
Unit 1, located several feet west of Building 35, was selected for excavation as part of
a random sample of the Package 116 area. Within the unit Layers A through D represented
approximately 0.5 ft of modern occupation characterized by artifacts of colorless glass, plastic,
and paper. Layer B consisted of a silty clay which may have been deposited by flooding, while
Layer D appeared to be construction debris (mainly sand and plaster) left over from the most
recent pargetting of Building 35 's outside walls.
Layer E was a fill level covering several water and sewer pipe trenches (Features 3-8 and
11-12). These trenches cut Layers F and G. Layer F consisted of another construction deposit
of sand and plaster. Layer G was comprised almost entirely of shale spalls. These two layers
were only found in the northern half of the unit.
Beneath the pipe trenches were two distinct coal layers (Layers H and I) which were
present over the entire unit. These coal layers, together with the shale level (Level Jl) above
them, were probably deposited as a result of McGraw's coal and shale business.
Underlying the coal were two clay strata (Layers J and K). The clay contained coal
fragments as well as numerous artifacts (domestic and flood related) which indicated occupation
layers. Layer K consisted of a clay lens, tan in color, which was only located in the western
half of the unit. This lens overlay a black clay layer. Between the clay lens and the darker clay
was a thin layer of wood fragments which appeared to be lathe, possibly from building
remodelling.
Layer L was a transition layer between the dark clay, Layer K, and Layer M below. It
appeared to be thicker on the east side of the unit (at least in profile).
Layer M was an occupation layer of grayish-brown clay containing pieces of coal and
domestic and architectural artifacts. Just below the top of the level was a metal stain, crustier
on the east, which covered most of the unit. Possibly this represented the remains of sheet
metal. Layer M also appeared to be an occupation layer because of domestic-type artifacts.
Layer N was a yellowish sand layer swirled with coal and ash, which appeared to be water-laid
and probably represented a flood episode. Layer O was another dark clay layer containing a
great deal of trash. Preliminary artifact analysis of artifacts, buttons, buckles, etc., indicated
this was a Civil War occupation level.
There appeared to be no definite evidence of pre-Civil War occupation. Layers P and
Q were both the same dense, wet clay, grayish in color and both contained only a few historical
artifacts. It was not clear whether these objects were the result of occupation or whether they
came from upper levels and were churned through the soil by rodent and root disturbance and
leaching.
The lower strata (Layers R, S and T) were all yellowish sandy clay which contained
prehistoric artifacts such as: projectile points, corded pottery, and debitage tentatively identified
as Late Woodland.
It is not clear what happened to the antebellum occupation levels. Possibly they were
washed away in flooding episodes or the yards were graded at some point in the 1830s.
7.3
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EXCAVATION UNIT SUMMARIES FOR PKG. 116 (46JF84)
EXCAVATION UNIT 3, N930 E930
Cari YoungRavenhorst, Benjamin Ford
The topsoil was removed as Levels A-l and A-2. The yellow sand of Layer B extended
across the unit except where Feature 2 was apparent. Feature 2 was a trench for a terra cotta
pipe (Feature 9) which ran from the northeast corner of the unit westward to approximately 2
ft north of the southwest corner. This trench cut through Layers B and C and ended a short way
into Layer D. The trench and the pipe both ran to the west; therefore, the elevations for the
pipe and the base of the trench were higher on the east corner than in the west wall. The trench
fill was an extremely mottled, silty sand with occasional clay lumps. The pipe was supported
by some small shale stones approximately three-fourths of the way west from the east corner.
Feature 9 (pipe) was part of the storm water/gutter drainage system of Building 35 and was still
in use. It is possible this pipe dates to the 1940s or 1950s when there were new requirements
for residents to clean up their sanitation methods. Artifacts recovered from Levels A-l and A-2
included a Wheat Penny, various plastics, wire and machine cut nails, ceramics (mostly
whiteware), glass and some bone. Artifacts recovered from Feature 2 were very similar.
The Layer B sand was very consistent in texture and compactness, being fairly compact
for sand. It was very clean, having few artifacts, very few spalls, some small river pebbles and
a few fresh water shells. There were occasional bits of mortar throughout and in the extreme
southeast corner was a semi-circular/ rounded blob of mortar sitting directly on top of Layer C.
Layer B was very thin along the north wall, but increased in thickness to the south being nearly
7 ft thick in the south wall profile and only 0. 15 ft to 0.3 ft thick in the north profile. Artifacts
in Layer B were few and included some Bennington/Rockingham whiteware, machine cut and
wire nails, and bottle glass. As Layer B was so consistent and discrete it was easy to distinguish
Layer C. These bits of mortar pieces may be from the pargetting/plastering of Building 35 built
in 1891.
Layer C was a silty sand with lots of inclusions-brick, gravel, shale spalls, clay lumps,
charcoal, mortar, etc. Layer C was cut by Feature 2. The matrix of Layer C was very
jumbled. It is probable that Layer C was mid-20th century (wire nails, automatic machine
molded bottles), but few diagnostic artifacts were found. Layer C was thicker and higher along
the north profile of the unit, not appearing at all in the south profile. This could be related to
the slope of the land or possibly to the supposed presence of a porch where Layer C dirt
accumulated under the porch but was removed (eroded/worn away/cut off) from the area not
protected the porch. Layer C came off of Layer D fairly easily, being different in color,
texture, and inclusions.
Layer D was a mix of sand, clay, and silt with large lumps of heavy clay, some coal and
shale spalls. Layer D was heavily cut into by Feature 2. The artifacts recovered from D were
of a late 19th century context, including a kaolin tobacco pipe, other ceramic fragments, bottle
glass, and a small amount of metal. There were more artifacts recovered from the north half
of the unit than from the south, again this may be due to the presence of a porch which protected
depositions under it or simply that the bulk of the building protected deposits near to it. Both
7.6
levels contained many inclusions, especially large clay lumps and shale spalls. Layer D was
thicker in the north end of the unit and thinner in the southern portion.
Layer E had very little actual soil and was mostly shale spalls. It was very compact,
extremely hard, vertically packed shale— most less than 0.5 ft on every axis. Possibly this was
construction debris which had been extensively trampled. There was a very thin ashy, sooty lens
which was packed around the top 0.05 ft of this stratum. It was from this lens that most of the
artifacts were recovered. These included some pieces of glass, stemware, and various types of
ceramics and glass. At the base of Layer E, packed around the spalls, was a very dark gray
mud/silt, possibly a flood episode.
Layer F was also a layer with little soil and many shale spalls. Again the shale spalls
were mostly vertically packed, very compact with few artifacts. It also appeared trampled and
could date from a construction/repair era.
Layer G was a gravelly silt with abundant coal, coal dust, ash, lots of slag, gravel, and
clinkers. The matrix was consistently black and finely textured. Possibly this dated from
McGraw's use of the area as a coal yard. There were some small stones, none more than 1 inch
on any axis. The top of G appeared trampled and was very compact.
Layer H was noticeably different from G. There was a thin ash lens on the top. The
principal soil was a sandy silt mottled with some clay. Inclusions were coal, cinders, clay
lumps, brick, and mortar fragments. Layer H was not very thick, at places only 0.1 ft to 0.2
ft thick. Artifacts seemed to date from the 3rd to 4th quarter of the 19th century and artifact
density decreased with depth. The ash lens was marginally thicker in the southwest quadrant
and there were more mortar flecks in that quadrant. Layer H gradually became more mottled
with a heavy brown clay which was denser and more prevalent all along the east profile. Most
artifacts were found in pockets of ash and cinders, not in the clay. Artifacts included several
pieces of an octagonal Bennington/Rockingham spittoon, several other ceramic types, several
machine cut nails, and bottle glass.
Layer I was a silty clay, very mottled, and contained lots of coal, charcoal, and a few
pieces of brick. Mottling was heavier in the west half of the unit. The east half was a bit
sandier with less inclusions. Most of the artifacts were found in the pockets and rivulets of ash
and cinders which were intertwined throughout the unit. They included pieces of a leaded glass
tumbler, various ceramics and glass, and machine cut nails. The clay of this layer became
cleaner, more consistent, damper and softer with depth. There were occasional sandy, rusty
lenses which were very hard and compact. Possibly, these were young ferric lamellas. Layer
I was fairly thick in all four profiles.
Layer J was not thick and did not appear at all in the south profile and only in a corner
in the west profile. The surface of J was very uneven; it probably was not an exposed surface
for any real length of time. Artifacts were few in number, including 6 pieces of ceramic of
which 2 were yellowware, 7 pieces of glass, and some nails.
Layer K was distinctly lighter than Layer J and Layer I. Almost all of the artifacts were
found within the first 0.05 ft of the layer. The surface of Layer K was also more flat and even
than Layer I. Layer K was a compact, water-swirled and water-borne, clean, very sandy clay.
One ceramic toy doll head was found along with approximately 15 nails and several pieces of
glass.
7.7
Layer L was essentially the same as Layer K-water-swirled silty sand with a bit more
silt and coal flecks. It was a bit harder and more compact than K and both were probably flood-
related. Layer L appeared to be a mixture of flood borne sand and the dark silt of the next
layer, Layer M. If K and L were flood related, the first waters of the flood may have been
more turbulent and may have caught up and swirled together the coal and silt of the surface of
M with the sands in the flood waters. Few artifacts were recovered from Layer L--one piece
of whiteware, a few pieces of metal (mostly nails), some various glass fragments, and a very
few bones. Beneath Layer K and above Layer M was a large lens of plaster and mortar along
the east profile.
Layer M appeared to have been a living surface. It was very dark and the soil had a bit
of a greasy feel to it. The matrix was a sandy silt with some clay, lots of charcoal and coal,
brick and mortar flecks, and a heavy artifact density, especially bone. On the very top of M
was a very thin layer of dark gray/black "flood mud." Layer M showed some root disturbance.
It is possible that Layer M was the habitation surface of the 1850-60s. Recovered artifacts
included typical types of 3rd and 4th quarter of the 19th-century ceramics (mostly whiteware,
some with transfer print and/or molded decorations, yellowware, stoneware,
Bennington/Rockingham, etc), porcelain buttons, machine cut nails, iron strap, various types of
glass, and many bones. Somewhere between L and M the eastern half of the unit started to
contain a large amount of brick and mortar and clay lumps in an arc from the northeast corner
out to nearly the center of the unit and then back into the south wall near the southeast corner.
This was the earliest evidence of the cistern and its associated trench.
Layer N was a heavy brown clay with pockets of sandy clay and a very uneven surface
with lots of cinders and coal. Layer N contained several pieces of glass, a few bones, metal,
and a very few ceramics. Although Layer N originally extended across the whole unit it turned
out to be less than 0. 1 ft thick in the northwest corner and clearly a discernable line of color and
texture/compactness difference was found running north to south approximately halfway east to
west and across the unit. Layer N was then changed to Feature 20A1, the cistern builder's
trench. The northwest quadrant was designated Layer O. Several large horizontal dry-laid shale
stones appeared in the southwest quadrant,
Layer O was a sandy clay, not very thick, which was packed against and possibly under
the large shale stones in the southwest. Layer O was fairly compact with some pockets of
sandier soil. All of the sand within the soil matrix was rather coarse grained and gritty. Since
the large shale stones extended into the profiles, they were not removed even though they should
have been taken out before or with Layer O. The stones were not given a feature number.
Layer O had very few artifacts within it, and was distinguished from Layer P by color and
texture. These artifacts were 2 pieces of whiteware, 7 pieces of glass, and 5 bones.
Layer P, excavated in 3 arbitrary levels each one foot thick, was a clay with less sand
than Layer O and was more compact than Layer O. Layer P became increasingly more compact
with depth and the color gradually changed several times, but always remained dryer than the
Feature 20 cistern trench fill to the east. The first level of Layer P contained a mix of historic
and a few prehistoric artifacts. Level P-l also had a lens of grit and sand which was right on
the line between where the historic artifacts stopped and the prehistoric artifacts started. One
piece of pearlware was found on the top of this lens. Level P-l had more artifacts in the top
0.4 ft and more mottling of a pure clay which decreased and eventually disappeared. Some root
7.8
disturbances were still apparent into Level P-2. Levels P-2 and P-3 were very similar to P-l
except they had no mottling and no historic artifacts. There was no apparent stratification of
either soils or artifacts. There was some minor flecking of brick and coal to approximately
halfway through Layer P. Within Level P-3 was a small semi-circular ring of small shale
stones, 1 piece of quartzite fire-cracked rock and several flakes. This was mapped and
designated Feature 37. Near the base of Level P-3, 2 large pieces of pottery, one a rather flat,
diamond shaped piece and the other a thick chunky basal sherd were found. In the last 0.15 ft
to 0.2 ft of Level P-3 no artifacts were found.
Feature 20 was also excavated in 3 one-foot levels until a halt was called due to the depth
of the unit. The feature 20 fill was divided into two areas-one was a clean consistent clay which
extended outward from the bricks of the cistern for approximately 0.6 ft to 0.8 ft, the other was
the same clay, very mottled, which extended over to the meeting line with Layer P. There was
lots of root activity in the trench fill. One projectile point was recovered from Level P-3. Most
of the pottery was found at a slight angle with the edges to the north or east lying lower than
the edges to the south or west.
7.9
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EXCAVATION UNIT SUMMARIES FOR PKG. 116 (46JF84)
EXCAVATION UNIT 4, N930 E900
Eric Larsen, Andrew Schenker
Unit 4, a randomly selected unit, was placed near the southern wall of Building 34 A.
This unit aided in identifying historic ground surfaces in the backyard area.
Layer A, below the sod, appeared to be part of the fill layer brought in to cover a late
1960s-early 1970s Park Service parking lot. A shale walkway was found within Layer A along
the north wall of the unit. The walkway consisted of large, flat, shale slabs abutted by a shale
curb. This walkway was later found to wrap around 3 sides of Building 34 A.
Features 13 and 14, both found within Layer A, seemed to be associated with the parking
lot and shale walkway that lay next to Building 34 A. Feature 14 was a concrete drain laid up
against the curbstone of the shale walkway. No builder's trench was visible for this drain.
Upon excavating around Feature 14 it was obvious that a trench was cut and loose concrete
poured into to form the drain. Feature 13 consisted of gravel and shale that filled the concrete
drain (Feature 14).
Layers B, C, and D all appeared to be successive fill layers. Layer B was a layer of
sand perhaps used between the parking lot and the above fill. Layer C was a thin layer of silty
loam between the sand above in Layer B and below Layer D. Artifacts from these layers were
few and consisted of whitewares, machine cut nails, wire, flat glass and bottle glass. No clear
diagnostics were present.
Layer E, a shale layer, may have been associated with the latest McGraw shale and coal
layers. Of all layers excavated this had the highest density of shale and may be associated with
some of McGraw' s construction in the late 19th century. Artifacts included whitewares,
redpaste earthenwares, many nails, bottle glass, and one piece of plastic.
Feature 17 became evident after removing Feature 14. Feature 17 proved to be a 2 ft
deep builder's trench for the shale curbstone in the walkway. Artifacts from the trench included
a hard paste whiteware handle and a glass tumbler, and suggest a late 19th-early 20th-century
date for the shale walkway.
Layer F appeared to be a thick occupation level with many domestic artifacts. Layer F
was arbitrarily divided into two levels, each about 0.5 ft deep. Level F-l contained mostly nails
and a metal can. Level Ft2, however, contained whitewares, stonewares, red paste
earthen wares, bottle glass, a "Davis and Miller" medicine bottle, and bone ranging from medium
to large mammals. Layer G differed from Layer F due to the presence of ash and coal in it.
At this point a "rut" or depression ran diagonally (northeast to southwest) through the unit.
Feature 19 was one of these "ruts. " The depression may have been dug for drainage (the
later-built Feature 14 may show precedence for drainage problems here), or may have been the
result of erosion. Feature 19 seemed to be a trash layer that filled in the depression. Many
metal, glass, and ceramic artifacts (including some pearl ware and one piece of cream ware) were
found in Feature 19. A large amount of rust (no recognizable metal) was found at the bottom
of Feature 19.
Feature 19 cut Layers I, J, and K. Layer I, a dark brown silt loam, appeared to be an
occupation layer. Layer J was also a silt loam, but contained ash and coal inclusions. Layer
7.12
K, a clay, contained brick and mortar inclusions and may be associated with the addition of the
top brick stories of Building 34A. A great deal of bone, metal, and even a bit of leather were
found in Layer K.
Layer L was a coal layer running across the unit (northeast to southwest). The
depression is still present and Layer L seems to have filled it. Not many artifacts were found
in this shallow layer.
Layer M, a silty clay loam, is firmly associated with McGraw. A silver spoon with the
initials "J.McG." was found along with whitewares, redpaste earthenwares, a ceramic doorknob,
tobacco pipe stems, button, nails, chimney glass, bottle and flat glass, leather, shell, seeds, and
bone. The layer also contained a great deal of wood and brick.
Layer N covered another depression running northeast to southwest. A clay loam, Layer
N also contained a great deal of wood and brick in addition to other artifacts such as buttons,
bone, tobacco pipes, leather, wood clothespins, seeds, and shell. The repeated pattern of
dumping and filling these depressions suggests this area may have been an open trash area.
Layer O contained many artifacts, including a Civil War era bullet and a brass shell
casing. Other artifacts included whitewares, pearlwares, stonewares, a porcelain doll's arm,
tobacco pipes, buttons, nails, mirror, flat and bottle glass, bone and shell. Artifacts suggested
a layer attributable to the Civil War or immediately following.
Feature 28 was a circular area of clay found below Layer O. Because of an organic
odor, Feature 28 was first believed to be a cap to a privy. Feature 28 did not prove to be a cap,
but the artifacts and odor suggested a trash deposit. In it was a shoe, leather, nails, glass, bone,
and wood.
Feature 35 was located at the top of Layer P. It consisted of two large slabs of shale.
They appeared to be similar to slabs found in Units 2 and 3. When measured for depth they
were all within 0.3 ft of each other. This may be the pre-Civil War surface of the backyards.
Layer P was excavated for 0.3 ft before ending the unit. No visible difference from top
to bottom was apparent. An analysis of the artifacts, suggests that this was not all one deposit,
but natural river-deposited silt. Layer P was divided into 6 arbitrary levels.
Level P-l contained historic artifacts. Level P-2 contained a mix of both historic and
prehistoric artifacts. Level P-3 contained Features 30 and 31. Features 30 and 31 (posthole and
postmold) continued down for about 1.5 ft and ended with a rounded tip. The profile had an
odd club like shape, and it may have been a prehistoric post.
Level P-4 produced prehistoric ceramics and flakes. (P-3, P-4, and P-5 were excavated
in one quadrant to see if subsoil could be reached. When the post and later Feature 33 were
found it was decided to take out the adjacent SE quadrant, piece plotting all diagnostic artifacts.
This will aid in determining if the prehistoric artifacts were evidence of a site or were washed
in and deposited from elsewhere.)
Level P-5 continued with prehistoric flakes and Early Woodland ceramics. Found in P-5
was Feature 33, a cluster of stones which may have been fire-cracked. Feature 33 was a cluster
of stone about 2 layers deep. Upon finding Feature 33 the southeast quadrant of this unit was
removed. It was hoped the cluster would continue, however, it did not. Level P-6 was
removed from the southern half of the unit. Artifacts were found in its upper 0.2 ft, but there
was little or nothing below. The unit ended at the top of what would have been P-7.
7.13
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EXCAVATION UNIT 8, N915 E900
Frank Walski, Shawn McCoy
Unit 8 was a 5 ft by 5 ft unit adjacent to and west of Unit 2. Unit 8 was excavated to
determine whether or not Feature 27 in Unit 2 was in fact a walkway. There were five different
features in this unit.
Feature 1 was a trench and conduit for a telephone line installed in 1965. Feature 27
consisted of dry-laid shale slabs running northeast-southwest from Building 35-Building 32
(hypothetically). The large shale slabs covered a drain 10 in wide and 9 in deep, and were
supported by smaller shale stones, 4-5 stones high. The bottom of the drain was embedded with
shale fragments, the debris resulting from the facing of the sidewalls. Features 41 and 43, pre-
historic post holes, dated to about 1300 BC based on surrounding material artifacts.
Layers A and B were 20th-century fill containing of modern glass fragments, ceramics,
and nails. Layer C was a gravel parking lot put in the late 1950s or early 1960s. Layers D
through I were all part of McGraw's coal/gravel operations and dated to the second half of the
19th century. Layers J, K, and L were all habitation layers with a lot of artifacts. Layer K was
silty clay indicating a past flood deposit. Several impressions of corncobs were in this layer and
a straight razor and brush along with a bottle, buttons, shell, glass, ceramic, nails, and metal.
Levels Ml and M2 were transitional levels excavated arbitrarily. A broken piece of tableware
was identified as being made by "John Edwards" in 1860 with a "Coburg" design. Layer N was
only in the northwest third of the unit. It seemed to have been an old ash pile. Levels 01
through 04 were all silty clay indicating an old flood deposit. Level 02 produced historic glass,
ceramics, and nails whereas, 03 produced prehistoric pottery and three tertiary flakes. An ash
mottling appeared in this level and 04. Level 04 was a prehistoric habitation layer with three
possible postholes which were no more than 0.2 ft difference in depth than the posthole found
in Unit 4. This unit produced fragments of Marcey Creek and Accokeek pottery, which dated
to about 100 BC and 800-300 BC respectively. Some rhyolite flakes and one quartz flake were
also recovered. Feature 27 cut Layers M2 through 01.
The unit produced a lot of nails, metals, glass, ceramics, bone, shell, buttons (including
a military button, a bottle, straight razor and brush in addition to the prehistoric artifacts).
Feature 27 could possibly be pre- 1847. It looked like part of the walkway/ drain which
may have extended into Unit 3 which was then destroyed when the cistern was built. Evidence
shows that the cistern was built in 1847 (Fisher 1989).
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EXCAVATION UNIT 9, N940 E925
Diane Fenicle
Unit 9 was a 2.5 by 5 ft unit abutting Unit 1 on the west and abutting Building 35 on the
east. It was excavated primarily to determine the nature and depth of the Building 35
foundations and it was hoped to tie building construction to yard levels by finding a builder's
trench. The foundations consisted of rough dry-laid shale blocks extending 4.2 ft below present
ground surface. Pargetting on the wall extended 0.5 ft below present ground surface. The
foundations rested on Level R2. Feature 44, a lens within Level R2, was originally thought to
be leveled fill at the base of the foundation wall. However, the material above it appeared
exactly the same as the rest of Level R2 and the feature was probably no more than a lens within
the level. No builder's trench existed on the external side of the Building 35 wall. Instead all
yard levels abutted the wall. Apparently a cut was made to form the cellar and the foundations
laid against the sides of the cut rather than building a free-standing wall within a trench. This
method of construction would account for the extremely rough appearance of the outside
foundation surface. It was never visible even during construction.
Two water pipes (Features 7 and 12) and a sewer pipe (Feature 8) ran east- west through
the foundation. They were found within a trench (Feature 5) which was overlain by Layer E.
The Feature 5 trench cut Layers F and G and extended into H. A third water pipe running
north-south (Feature 34) rested within Layer F and did not have a trench. This appeared to be
the earliest pipe because it was cut by the Feature 5 trench. It paralleled the wall foundations
and did not pass through them. According to historical records plumbing was probably first
installed in the early 20th century.
Layers A through E were recent 20th-century levels which post-dated the plumbing
installation of the building. Layer E, a stratum of clay mixed with gravel, may have been
deliberate fill over the pipe trench. Layer F, a sand and mortar level, appeared to be associated
with pargetting the building exterior, because the sand ran up to the base of the pargetting on
the foundation wall. Because of its association with the Feature 34 water pipe, this layer
probably dates to the early 20th century. Layer G was probably a late 19th- early 20th-century
occupation level containing domestic and food related artifacts. Layers H, J, and L were coal
deposits, while Layer I consisted of shale spalls. Layer K was a clay layer which probably
represented the coal layers but has been colored by leaching and trampling of coal dust into it.
Layers G through L appeared to be associated with the McGraw coal and shale business.
Layer M, N, and O appeared to be occupation levels containing domestic and food
related artifacts. Layer O contained a great deal of possible construction-related debris. Layer
P was basically a sterile flood layer and Layer Q was the Civil War era occupation level
containing bullets as well as domestic artifacts. As in Unit 1, no strata could definitely be
attributed to the antebellum period. Levels Rl and R2 were transitional levels between historic
and prehistoric levels. Layer S, although still containing some historic artifacts, also contained
Feature 45, a dark semi-circular stain appearing in Unit 9 and continuing into Unit 1. This was
originally thought to be a possible prehistoric feature, but it turned out to be only root/rodent
disturbance.
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EXCAVATION UNIT SUMMARIES FOR PKG. 116 (46JF84)
EXCAVATION UNIT 14, N945 E910
Andrew Schenker, Can YoungRavenhorst
This unit was between Building 34 A (the smokehouse) and the walkway curb, and abutted
Building 34 on the east. The 'bobcat' churned up the top silt and sand layers which were given
separate strata in nearby units. The unit contained Feature 46 (probably a drip line) and two
layers not found in nearby units: Layer B, an ash and charcoal fill, and Layer D, a thick layer
of crushed brick. Unit 14 also contained many tertiary flakes, a point, and Feature 52, a fire-
cracked rock cluster.
Layer A was a mixture of silt that seeped through the shale walkway and sand that was
as a foundation for the walkway. Artifacts included a stone marble, bone, red paste pipe bowl
fragment and other ceramics. Layer B was an ash and charcoal layer that was 0.2 ft-0.3 ft
thick. It produced a button, fish scales, Bennington and other ceramics, a stone marble and
some egg shell. Layer C was a sand and shale fill layer whose top was stained by the charcoal
in Layer B. It was thicker near the building. The most common artifacts were brown transfer-
printed ceramics, nails, and glass. Layer D was a thick (0.6 ft-0.7 ft) broken brick and brick
dust layer that was very dense with other inclusions. It contained 3 tin cans, a porcelain wheel,
brown transfer-printed ceramics, etc. It was probably a destruction layer. No complete bricks
were found. The bricks were handmade.
Feature 40 was the builder's trench for the curb to the shale walkway. It was actually
just to the east of the unit boundary but would have collapsed had we left it in. It began to
appear in Layer C and became clearly defined in Layer D. The trench continued through to
Layer F, though it became very narrow. No diagnostic artifacts were found in the trench. It
was about 0.2 ft wide when it first appeared. Layer E was a second ash layer, the first level
of a thick band of coal, ash, and charcoal. It contained pipe fragments and many pieces of
chimney glass. Layer E contained a pocket of clay that was approximately 1.0 ft by 0.5 ft. It
appeared in the north profile. Layer F was a black silt layer with less ash than Layer E. Layer
F contained a few large shale slabs and a small lens of light brown clay that was visible in the
east end of the south profile. Layer F contained several pieces of glass, a few ceramics, and
very little metal. Layer G was an ash, coal, charcoal layer similar to Layer E. It covered only
the east half of the unit. Layers E, F, and G corresponded to layers that were called McGraw's
coal and ash layers in other units. Few if any diagnostic artifacts were recovered from these 3
layers.
Layer H was a thick, riverine silt-clay that was divided arbitrarily into two levels. This
dark yellowish brown clay was extremely heavy, wet, and consistent, other than some slight
ferric leaching around the few shale inclusions. The clay was very homogenous. This layer
contained many handmade brick fragments in the north half of the unit, near the base of Level
H2. The bricks were in much better condition than those found in Layer D, the crushed brick
layer. Several of the brick fragments were vitrified, most showed sharp angular edges on the
breaks. Many of the bricks rested on/in the layer below, Layer I, but all were covered with and
embedded in the clay of Layer H. The brick fragments were scattered, with no apparent pattern.
This level may correspond to the brick paving (Feature 38) in Units 11, 13, 16, 17, and 19.
7.22
It does not appear that there was ever brick paving in this unit. Artifacts were few and generally
nondiagnostic.
Layer I was a dark sandy silt which was very thin in the east end of the unit. At 2 feet
east of Building 34 A it began to slope up over Layer J, a light brown sand layer. Layer I was
barely present in the southeast quadrant of the unit. Many of the artifacts resting on top of I
were likely pulled up with the clay of Layer H. Layer J was a yellowish brown sand layer
under I. The level was very thin with one thick pocket in the southeast corner which was visible
in the south profile. Artifacts included a small red bead, nails, and glass. Layer J covered the
east half of the unit only. The sand in J peeled easily off the clay of Layer K and revealed ruts
and depressions. The largest rut near the center of the unit marked the edge of Feature 46, the
top of a drip-line feature. The ruts may have been wagon ruts. They ran parallel, north-south.
Most artifacts were located in the interface between levels above and below. Artifacts recovered
included a small red bead, nails, and glass fragments. Prehistoric pottery and fire-cracked rock
were also found in this level.
Feature 46, the drip-line feature, was a much looser, siltier soil than Layer K, with
artifacts throughout. A small color change was noted 0.5 ft down. The outline of the drip line
was not clearly visible in the profile (ie "K" and Feature 46 are the same color). Feature 46
continued down into Layer L. Feature 46 was divided into 46 A and 46B arbitrarily at top of
L. Artifacts in Feature 46 included a tooth, bone, possible projectile point, and gun flint.
Layer L was a layer of concentrated shale spalls (possibly from building construction)
and mortar. Artifacts included a lot of bone and some nails and glass. Layer M was the same
clay as L but without the shale spalls and mortar flecks. It was probably water-borne fill/flood
deposit. Layer M overlaid "N" (a gravelly riverine deposit) in the east and "O" in the west.
Layer M was divided into Ml and M2 at the top of N in the west. Layer M sloped down
toward the building. Layer N was a coarsely-sorted gravelly water-borne deposit that covered
only the east half of the unit. It was surrounded, top and bottom, by Layer M, though only
thinly below, between N and O. Layer N resembled Feature 28 in Unit 4, which was also
resting on the last level of the unit, the clay subsoil.
Layer O was clay subsoil, the bottom layer of the unit. In Level 01 historic artifacts
were found with a prehistoric sherd. Level 01 was 0.5 ft-0.6 ft thick. Levels 02 through O10
were taken from the southwest quadrant at arbitrary 0.2 ft levels. One piece of glass was found
in 03, prehistoric artifacts were found in Levels 03 through O10. A possible projectile point
was found in 09. Many flakes, including tertiary flakes, were found throughout. Level 07 was
screened with 1/8" mesh to recover tertiary flakes. All other levels used standard screens
(1/4"). Feature 52, a fire-cracked rock cluster, was located in Level 010. It appeared to
continue into the south profile of the unit and the southeast quadrant. There were 1 1 rocks in
all. The rocks were left in place.
There was a break in the pargetting of Building 34A at the level of the removed shale
walkway, probably eroded from water splash. Pargetting continued down to 0.2 ft below Layer
G, the bottom of McGraw's ash layer. The shale continued down without pargetting until it
ended at 0.05 ft above the top of 01 0. Because of the extent of pargging beneath the current
ground surface, it was thought that Layer H was probably ground surface at the time of the
construction of Building 34 A. This means that Layers H-0 were cut through to construct the
building and that Layers A-G gradually built up around the building.
7.23
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EXCAVATION UNIT SUMMARIES FOR PKG. 116 (46JF84)
EXCAVATION UNIT 18, N885 E920
Frank Walski, Shawn McCoy
This 5 ft by 5 ft unit was excavated because of an anomaly which appeared on the
geophysical survey. What may have turned up in the geophysical survey was a lot of shale
rubble deposited along the eastern wall of the unit (Feature 51 A). The top of Feature 51 A, at
0.74 ft below the surface, consisted of pre-1960s fill, topsoil and grass. The next 2. 17 ft below
the surface was redeposited soil with different textures mixed together. These levels produced
a combination of historic and pre-historic artifacts. There were many 20th-century nails and
glass fragments. Also recovered was a pre- 1850s bone toothbrush and some aboriginal pottery
fragments including a 2 x 3 inch piece of pottery with soapstone (Marcey Creek) which dates
to approximately 1000 BC. Some Accokeek Cord-Marked fragments which date to 800-300 BC
were also recovered. Because of this fact, it is probable that this soil was redeposited from an
earlier excavation. Since most of the pre-historic artifacts were found in situ at approximately
6 ft to 7 ft in depth it is probable that the soil originally came from an excavation required for
the basements such as the boarding house (McGraw's) in 1891.
Layer D consisted of sand which may have been used for construction purposes. This
sand had inclusions of fresh water shell and was probably brought up from the river. On top
of this was an ash layer which was over 0.5 ft thick in the south-central part of the unit and
thinned out over the remainder. At 3.5 ft below the ground surface was a thin band of coal
from McGraw's coal and gravel operations.
Layer G consisted of silty clay, possibly a flood deposit because of its similarity to soils
found in the river bed. Layer G covered the 19th-century habitation layers (K, I, and J).
Layer K was determined to have been the Civil War layer because of the types of
artifacts recovered and its similarity with the Civil War layer in the other units. Artifacts
included a case and shell with gun-powder from a Maynard Carbine; also recovered were glass,
ceramics, a spike, metal, shell, bone, and a piece of wood. The next levels (LI and L2) were
a flood deposit 1.0 ft thick which produced a substantial amount of pre-historic artifacts in
addition to historic glass, ceramics, metal, etc. The historic artifacts came from the upper level
of LI. Below this flood level was a habitation layer (Layer J) which produced a jews harp and
a hand-wrought nail in addition to creamware, ceramics, nails, metal, shell, bone, and a tooth.
Levels Ml and M2 were the final levels of the unit and were thought to be a flood
deposit overlaying a layer of knobby iron concretions. The upper level of Ml produced some
ceramics, glass, and nails, while two pieces of prehistoric pottery were recovered near the final
stages of Ml. Level M2 produced a substantial amount of prehistoric pottery, sherds, flakes,
debitage, fire-cracked rock, and one piece of shell. Seven of the artifacts were point-
provenienced. The majority of the artifacts came from the eastern half of the unit.
There was a 7 in. terra-cotta sewer pipe engraved with "Somerville, Washington D.C."
in the west profile running north-south. It appeared to predate McGraw's coal operations
because the pipe trench started below Layer F. It appeared to have been buried just a few
inches below the historic ground surface. There was a deep backfilled hole (Feature 69) in the
7.26
south-central profile of the unit and its edge extended several inches into the unit. This was first
thought to have been a post and posthole helping to support the coal shed, but after studying the
profile of Feature 69, it would seem to have been a slumpage rather than a post-hole. It seemed
that everything dropped at approximately 2 ft and that it was eventually leveled out by using
river sand. There was another post-hole (Feature 66) in the north central part of the unit which
appears to have been dug prior to the coal operations, but still could be part of the support
system for the coal shed because it would have required a larger grid of support posts to be able
to handle the weight of a two-story coal shed.
Feature 84 was a brown silty clay that appeared to be a half of a sphere that extended
into the unit. The upper portion produced historic artifacts while the lower half produced
prehistoric pottery sherds.
Feature 90 was a continuation of Level M2, which was sandwiched between Feature 84
and Level N. It also reappeared under Level N2 in the northwest section of the unit.
7.27
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EXCAVATION UNIT SUMMARIES FOR PKG. 116 (46JF84)
EXCAVATION UNIT 33, N885 E1035
Cari YoungRavenhorst, Andrew Schenker
Unit 33 was a randomly placed unit which, it was hoped, would reveal evidence of the
shanty restaurants which stood in the area in the 1860s. No such evidence was found. The
upper layer of the sod was removed. Layer A was the lower root mass of the sod. Layer B was
the same soil matrix as Layer A, but without roots. All three layers contained artifacts from the
2nd half of the 20th century including styrofoam; plastic; clear, light green, and brown glass;
building materials (i.e. brick, mortar, plastic) and some whiteware fragments.
Layer C was a layer of cinders and coal with a surprising number of artifacts including
an iron screw, a padlock, bottle cap and a button. This layer was fairly thin averaging
approximately 0.3 ft thick.
Layer D was the debris from a building collapse or demolition which was probably
spread throughout the area in an effort to level the building's original site. This layer varied in
thickness from 1.1 ft to 0.5 ft. The layer was primarily sand, decayed mortar, and brick dust.
Artifacts included some small glass buttons, some red ware with an interior brown glaze (some
pieces appearing to have been burned) lots of building materials including some plaster with
paint (black, red, pink, and cream/white), and nail fragments. Many of the brick fragments also
appeared to have been burned. No brick pieces larger than 1/4 of a whole brick were found,
although several crushed half bricks were noted during excavation.
Layer E was an extremely thin layer of coal dust which contained a few pieces of glass
and corroded metal.
Layer F consisted of a very compact brown clay containing lots of building materials,
nails, glass, and ceramics. The ceramics included stoneware (blue and gray), red ware (brown
interior glaze), and whiteware (blue and red transfer-prints, a blue feather-edged rim). This soil
was probably a fill layer spread out to level the area. The layer varied from 0.3 ft to 1.0 ft
thick and contained lots of inclusions, shale spalls, brick, clay lumps, gravel, and coal.
Layer G was mostly shale, very little soil and few artifacts, probably a fill layer.
Layer H was a (water-borne (flood)) silty sand, with a few pieces of shale. Layer H
did not appear very well in the profiles since it was extremely thin in the northern portion of the
unit. Artifacts included whiteware (transfer prints and sponge ware), glass, and a few bones.
Layers I and J were shale layers containing mostly large pieces of shale. They were
divided in excavation by the difference in color of the thin soil matrices. Layer I closely
resembled Layer G, large shale stones with a thin yellow brown soil matrix. Layer J, however,
consisted of large shale stones in a thin black matrix. In some areas of both layers there was
no soil evident. There was also an occasional pocket or area where the shale stones were
covered with a dark brown/black, very thin "flood mud" soil. Both of these layers were
probably fill brought in and deposited in an effort to level the area, and were probably part of
the same deposition/fill episode. Very few artifacts were recovered from either of these layers:
a few nails, some small fragments of redware (brown interior glazing), whiteware (with blue
deco, possibly pearlware), and a ball clay pipe bowl fragment. Almost all of the artifacts were
found within the darker soil of Layer J.
7.30
Layer K was a very consistent reddish-brown clay with a few inclusions (a few shale
spalls, most 0.4 ft on longest axis) and a few sand pockets. This layer appeared as if it could
have been either water-borne or wet when deposited. It was very consistent, homogenous, and
well packed and sorted, although it had no swirl or current tracks. There was a small historic
posthole found in Layer K (Feature 96) and some 0.5 ft deep depressions or ruts were noted and
sketched in the northeast corner of the unit. Artifacts included: nails, mortar, redware (with
brown interior glazing), whiteware, stoneware, and some prehistoric materials, such as fire-
cracked rock, sherds of cord-marked, grit-tempered pottery and a small scraper. Level Kl was
arbitrarily ended when Layer L was found in the southern portion of the unit.
Feature 96 was a small posthole found within Level Kl in the north central part of the
unit. It had a fairly rounded outline and a flat bottom. The feature was shallow-0.3 ft deep and
0.4 ft in diameter. It was probably related to one of the fences which appear on maps of the
area.
Layer L was actually a very sandy silty lens within the Layer K matrix. It contained a
very large number of large oyster shells, most of them whole and in relatively good condition.
A few ceramics, pearlware and possibly creamware, were also found. This layer may be a
possible refuse dump from Building 36. Layers L was first found in the southeast corner, but
eventually covered three-fourths of the unit area.
Levels K2 and K3 were excavated north of and below Layer L. The soil of Levels Kl
to K3 was consistent as were the artifacts assembled with a mix of historic and prehistoric items.
The presence of pearlware and creamware indicate an early to early-mid 19th century date with
a mix of disturbed, redeposited prehistorics.
Layer M was a greenish clay which gradually became browner in color and damper with
depth. There were few inclusions and a few shale spalls. Level Ml overlaid Layer N, which
was only evident in the eastern portion of the unit. Artifacts from Ml included a pulley piece,
nails, shell (oyster), a few bones, some very small fragments of ceramics, a tooth (front sheep
tooth) and a small triangular quartz point (probably Late Woodland).
Layer N was only evident in the eastern two-thirds of the unit. It consisted of a sandy,
gravely lens within the Layer M matrix. The gravel was mostly rounded, worn river pebbles.
Artifacts included nails, glass, small ceramic fragments, and brick fragments. This lens was less
than 0.1 ft thick and was underlain by Level M2.
Levels M2 to M4 were similar in consistency, artifact assemblages and matrix to Level
Ml. Levels M3 and M4 were excavated only in the northeast quadrant of the unit. Levels M2
contained a mix of historic and prehistoric artifacts and Levels M3 and M4 contained only
prehistoric artifacts.
Unit 33 appeared to consist mainly of successive layers of filling and leveling episodes.
Layers D, F, G, I, J, and possibly Layers C, H, and K/L were fill layers. Layer E and possibly
Layer C were formed by spill-overs from coal piles in the area. Layer M and possibly Layer
K were originally graveled surface/normal soil buildup. Layer L was probably refuse/kitchen
dump. Layer D could date from National Park Service activity in the area. The layers (Layers
I and J) of shale fill may date from the leveling/fill activities of 1838 or any later date.
7.31
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EXCAVATION UNIT SUMMARIES FOR PKG. 116 (46JF84)
EXCAVATION UNIT 36, N895 E895
Eric Larsen, Benjamin Ford
Unit 36 was excavated to expose the east side of the privy (Feature 26 initially found in
Units 6 and 10) as well as to establish the northern foundation of coal sheds appearing in historic
maps and photos of the late 19th Century. The unit was excavated down to a level where
artifacts (both historic and prehistoric) no longer were present.
Layers A through C were the accumulation from the 20th century. Layer A, a sod and
fill layer, rested above a gravel level believed to be associated with the late 1960s and early 70s
parking lot. Hand wrought, machine cut, and wire nails were all found within this layer,
suggesting fill. Layer B, a compact gravel surface, appeared to be associated with the Park
Service parking lot. Again, the different types of nails present suggested a fill episode.
Artifacts in Layer C included wire nails, flat and bottle glass, small shell casing, and industrial
porcelain.
Layer D consisted of coal lumps and dust, and marked the end of the McGraw occupation
levels. Artifacts in this level dated from the late 19th century. Layer E was a mottled level of
soil with heavy inclusions of coal and gravel. Layer E contained the first sign of the builder's
trench for Feature 26 (part of a 20th century privy) and therefore marked the ground surface at
the time the privy was built. As with the previous level, clear diagnostic artifacts were not
found to provide an exact date. Layer F was an ash and coal layer found concentrated in the
northern half of the unit. Later, Feature 105, a shale wall foundation for the coal sheds, was
to be found only 0. 1 ft north of the unit profile. Layer F proved to be within the coal shed.
There was no builder's trench present on exposed south side of the wall (Feature 105), which
we assume was the interior, and was likely the accumulation of coal and ash next to the walls.
Layer G was a thin level of compacted coal and slag, having very few artifacts. Layer G also
proved to be within the shed. Layer H appeared to be a fill/destruction level. Artifacts were
of mixed dates, suggesting redeposited fill. Inclusions consisted of shale spalls, brick chunks,
and broken slate, and implied a destruction phase. (This level also would have been inside by
the coal shed). Layer I (found below Feature 105, therefore predating it) was yet another level
of compact ash and coal. The level was thin across the whole unit except for in the northwest
corner, where the ash deposit was thicker. Layers D-H can be associated with the coal sheds
(1870s). Layer I appeared to be accumulation from the period between 1870 and the building
of the shed.
Layer J was clearly a layer of river-deposited silt. The level contained few artifacts and
was likely the result of a flood. Since the coal sheds were dated to 1877 the previous large
flood would have been in 1870.
Layer K contained many artifacts (whiteware, spongeware, stoneware, redware, flat and
container glass, marble, button, and nails) as well as inclusions (brick, ash, charcoal, coal,
gravel, etc). This layer was a mottled level gradually changing color. Layer K was ended
arbitrarily based on diminishing inclusions. Level K2 was thick along the east wall of the unit.
In the west half of the unit Level K2 ended above a very hard and flat surface, the next level.
7.33
Above this "floor" along the east and south wall of the unit was a thin organic lens which
contained bone, and "peach pits". Layer K was a mottled level of occupation.
Believing this to be the beginning of McGraw's occupation, Feature 105 (the north wall
of the coal sheds found 0.2 ft outside the bounds of Unit 36) was defined revealing that the floor
was not for the coal sheds. Layer L was a hard surface of compacted gravel and silt. This
substance was from 0.5 ft to 0.8 ft thick and was hardest at the top (a mattock was necessary
for excavation). This level appears to be a specially prepared surface. Its function and date of
construction is yet undetermined. There were few artifacts included in Layer L, and artifacts
in the layers above and below also could not be precisely dated.
Layers M and N appeared to date to the mid- 19th century. Layer M was a dark fill
level with many artifacts, including creamware, stoneware, blue shell-edge, tobacco pipes,
mirror, container and flat glass, mammal bone, as well as nails, all which suggest a mid- 19th
century date. Layer N was focused in the eastern half of the unit, where burned nails, wood,
and bone were found. The soil of this level appeared to have been discolored (darkened) by
some burn episode. These levels did not give any further information about Layer L but will
probably aid in dating the surface.
Layer O was a compact silt characteristic of river deposits. Layer O was excavated in
arbitrary levels. Levels 01 through 03 contained historic artifacts. Ol was a transitional layer
mottled with the above Layers M and N. One artifact found in this level, a "Goodyear" hard
rubber button, was dated 1851. Level Ol was ended after 0.5 ft. Level 02 continued to
produce historic artifacts, including a bottle finish and a brass tube. Level 02 was ended after
0.5 ft. Levels 04 through 08 contained prehistoric artifacts. A dark stain ran across the entire
unit in the middle of Level 04. Feature 108 was identified as the darker side of this stain and
was bisected and removed down 1.5 ft. Not finding anything suggesting a feature, it was
decided to continue to bisect and excavate Levels 04 through 09. Level 04 was ended after
0.5 ft but since prehistoric ceramics were found, it was decided to excavate in 0.25' arbitrary
levels while point-plotting all artifacts. Levels 05 through 08 all contained flakes and fire-
cracked rock. Few artifacts were found. Level 09
was sterile. Unit 36 contained 11 features, some of which proved to be nothing and some of
which aided in the understanding of the unit.
Feature 2 IB was part of the clay cap to the privy located in Units 6 and 10 found below Level
B. This clay seemed to be a continuation of the privy cap that was found along the west profile
of Unit 36.
Feature 103 proved to be the trench cut made to lay the stone lining of the privy (Feature 25-
26). The trench first appeared in Layer E and cut all Layers to M. The privy dated to Layer
E and was constructed up against the trench wall.
Feature 104 was a possible posthole found in the south east corner of the unit. The feature cut
Layers H, I, J, and part of Kl but extended outside the unit. Thus it was impossible to
determine the exact nature of the feature. No evidence of a mold was found. If it were a
posthole it would have pre-dated the coal sheds.
7.34
Feature 105 is believed to be the north wall of the 1877 coal sheds. A dry-laid shale wall cut
Layers C through H. No builder's trench was present (C-H accumulated up against Feature 105)
on the south side of the wall. The wall ran east- west and was directed toward the corner of
Building 32. Feature 105 was actually contained within the unit immediately north of
N895/E895 by about 0.2 ft. The wall rested upon Layer I (a coal level) above the 1870 flood
deposit. Feature 105 adjoined Feature 26 (the privy lining wall), though they were separate
structures built at different times. Feature 103 shows that the privy was dug into Layer E.
Feature 105 had no visible trench and rested on Layer I. The artifacts found in the privy dated
to the 20th century (see Units 6 and 10), while Feature 105 dated to 1870s. The two had been
joined, however, by the building of a platform from the top of Feature 26 to the top of Feature
105. The platform joins the two, incorporating the ledges and crevices of Feature 105. They
were, however, only adjoining.
Feature 106 was a dry-laid, low shale wall running north-east to west-southwest. Feature 106
was found within Level 01 and resting at the top of 02. No builder's trench was found and the
total height of the wall was about 0.5 ft (or around 1 course). The wall's angle and depth were
similar to those of the drain (Feature 27) found in Unit 8. Feature 106 was around 15 ft from
that drain. Feature 106 ran across Lot 3 as it was found also in Unit 38. Associated artifacts
dated to the mid- 19th century and included lead-glazed red wares, pearl wares including some
hand-painted, and a Goodyear button found in Level 01.
Feature 106's relation to the drain in Unit 8 perhaps suggested a similar use. The green-
gray clay found within the drain was also found along the north side of Feature 106 (see Feature
107). The height and width of the wall was similar to the walls of that drain. However, no
second wall (forming similar drain) was found north or south of Feature 106, nor were the shale
slabs that covered Feature 27 in Unit 8 present.
It was suggested that Feature 106 might have been evidence of an earlier structure. No
documentation of a building there exists. If Feature 106 were a foundation then the building
must have been disassembled as no evidence of destruction debris is present. Feature 106's
shallowness suggested it might have been a footer for a wood structure, or the bottom of a larger
wall that was disassembled before the war (perhaps with the building of the new master
armorer's house, Building 36).
Another possibility came from an 1833-34 map showing an alley or fenceline running
parallel to Shenandoah Street behind the old master armorer's house. Perhaps Feature 106 and
the drain from Unit 8 were associated with this possible alley. Feature 106 may have served
as a curbing.
Feature 107 was a green/gray clay associated with Feature 106. The clay had accumulated on
only the north side of Feature 106. No artifacts were present in this clay, while Level Ol
continued to produce artifacts. The top of the clay was close to the top of Feature 106. The
bottom of clay was at the bottom of Feature 106.
Feature 108 was located within Level 04. A dark line through the unit was noticed along with
two postholes and molds (Feature 109 and 112). The eastern side of this dark line was
determined to be darker than the west and above Level 04 and so was believed to be a possible
7.35
prehistoric pit. It was dug in 0.25 ft arbitrary levels so as to have greater control of the location
of artifacts. The feature was bisected and dug down 1.5 ft (Feature 108A through Feature 108F)
until further excavation was difficult. As nothing had turned up suggesting a feature and Feature
108F was found to be completely sterile, it was decided to continue digging Levels 04 through
09 on the chance that it might be the feature. Levels 04 through 09 proved very similar to
Feature 108A through Feature 108F and so it was decided that Feature 108 was not a feature
and that the line present throughout must have been formed by natural causes (i.e. water mark).
Feature 109 and Feature 110 were a posthole and mold (respectively) found within Level 04.
The bisected posthole revealed a squared bottom and therefore was likely to be a historic post.
Feature 110 showed no evidence of the post being driven into the ground. The post rested at
the bottom of the hole.
Feature 1 1 1 and Feature 1 12 were also postholes and molds (respectively) found within Level
04. Upon bisecting Feature 111 and Feature 112 it was found that they were only a few
hundredths of a foot deep, not enough to make any determination about these features.
7.36
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EXCAVATION UNIT SUMMARIES FOR PKG. 116 (46JF84)
EXCAVATION UNIT 37, N945 E925
Andrew Schenker, Can YoungRavenhorst
The unit was 5 f t x 7 ft, located immediately north of Units 1 and 9. It was opened to
uncover Feature 45 and excavated in megastrata.
Layers A and B were 20th-century habitation layers containing several pieces of plastic
wrap, cellophane, and other plastics. They were also disturbed by the 'bobcat' for flood
preparation (Hurricane Hugo, September 1989). Feature 132 was a concrete pad covering
Features 3 and 6, which cut Layer B.
Three pipes, Features 6, 39, and 109, ran north-south through the unit. Feature 3 was
a pipe trench for Feature 6. A small trench was cut for Feature 39 and 109 and was visible but
not excavated separately as it was discovered too late!
Layer E was believed to be pargetting sand for the pargetting of Building 35. Due to the
large amounts of shale spalls, coal pieces and coal dust which appeared in thin, successive layers
with cinders and ash in the 1890s Layers D and E were likely related to McGraw's shale and
coal business.
Layers F and G were clay layers, possibly occupation layers containing large numbers
of artifacts including whiteware and other ceramics, a cameo, a Baltimore Glass works bottle,
malt whiskey bottles, bones and nails. Both of these layers were a very dark gray, greasy, silty
clay with a small amount of sand also present.
Layer H was a probable flood layer of very consistent silty sand containing water-swirled
marks. There were no inclusions and artifacts seemed to date to the mid- 19th century. These
artifacts included kaolin pipe fragments, various ceramics (some with transfer prints), glass, and
machine cut nails. One unusual artifact recovered was a hook-type belt fastener.
Levels Jl, J2, and J3 contained historic artifacts, with just a few fragments appearing by
the end of Level J3. One prehistoric flake came out of Jl and J2. Three prehistoric sherds
came out of Level J3 as well as 2 or 3 possible flakes. The rodent burrows designated Feature
45 were first present in the top of Level J4. Level J4 was a 0.1 ft thick layer that defined
Feature 120. Feature 120 was a historic pit which cut Feature 45, Levels J4 and J5 and below.
Historic artifacts were found in it. The exact nature of the feature was undetermined. It
extended into the north profile of Unit 37.
Level J5 was 2.5 ft thick and contained some prehistoric sherds and flakes.
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APPENDIX III:
ARTIFACT LIST
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